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Volume 19
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Article

At Which Area Level Does COVID-19 Infection Matter Most for an Individual’s Self-Rated Health? A Multilevel Fixed-Effects Model Analysis in Japan

by
Takashi Oshio
1,*,
Hiromi Kimura
2,
Toshimi Nishizaki
3 and
Susumu Kuwahara
4
1
Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University, 2-1 Naka, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186-8603, Japan
2
Survey Research Center, 3-13-5 Nihonbashi, Chuoku, Tokyo 103-0027, Japan
3
Japan Ministry of Finance, 3-1-1 Kasumigasei, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8914, Japan
4
Japan Cabinet Office, 1-6-1 Nagatacho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8914, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(15), 8918; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19158918
Submission received: 25 May 2022 / Revised: 2 July 2022 / Accepted: 5 July 2022 / Published: 22 July 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) during COVID-19)
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Abstract

Several studies have reported the adverse impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on health outcomes. However, little is known about which area of COVID-19 infection matters most for an individual’s subjective health outcomes. We addressed this issue in the present study. We used the longitudinal data of 2260 individuals obtained from a two-wave internet-based nationwide survey conducted in Japan. We estimated the multilevel regression models, which controlled for fixed effects at the individual and prefecture levels, to explain an individual’s self-rated health (SRH) based on the reported number of new COVID-19 infection cases at different area levels: prefecture, group of neighboring prefectures, and regional bloc. We found that SRH was highly associated with the average and maximum number of new infection cases among neighboring prefectures or in the regional bloc, but not with those at the prefecture level, if used jointly as explanatory variables. The results suggest that inter-prefectural coordination is needed not only to contain COVID-19 but also to reduce its adverse impact on the subjective health outcomes of residents.
Keywords: COVID-19; prefecture; regional bloc; self-rated health; state of emergency COVID-19; prefecture; regional bloc; self-rated health; state of emergency

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MDPI and ACS Style

Oshio, T.; Kimura, H.; Nishizaki, T.; Kuwahara, S. At Which Area Level Does COVID-19 Infection Matter Most for an Individual’s Self-Rated Health? A Multilevel Fixed-Effects Model Analysis in Japan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 8918. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19158918

AMA Style

Oshio T, Kimura H, Nishizaki T, Kuwahara S. At Which Area Level Does COVID-19 Infection Matter Most for an Individual’s Self-Rated Health? A Multilevel Fixed-Effects Model Analysis in Japan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(15):8918. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19158918

Chicago/Turabian Style

Oshio, Takashi, Hiromi Kimura, Toshimi Nishizaki, and Susumu Kuwahara. 2022. "At Which Area Level Does COVID-19 Infection Matter Most for an Individual’s Self-Rated Health? A Multilevel Fixed-Effects Model Analysis in Japan" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 15: 8918. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19158918

APA Style

Oshio, T., Kimura, H., Nishizaki, T., & Kuwahara, S. (2022). At Which Area Level Does COVID-19 Infection Matter Most for an Individual’s Self-Rated Health? A Multilevel Fixed-Effects Model Analysis in Japan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(15), 8918. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19158918

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