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Article

Online Behaviours during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Their Associations with Psychological Factors: An International Exploratory Study

by
Julius Burkauskas
1,*,
Naomi A. Fineberg
2,
Konstantinos Ioannidis
3,4,5,
Samuel R. Chamberlain
4,5,
Henrietta Bowden-Jones
3,
Inga Griskova-Bulanova
6,
Aiste Pranckeviciene
1,
Artemisa R. Dores
7,8,
Irene P. Carvalho
9,10,
Fernando Barbosa
8,
Pierluigi Simonato
2,
Ilaria De Luca
2,
Rosin Mooney
11,
Maria Ángeles Gómez-Martínez
12,
Zsolt Demetrovics
13,14,
Krisztina Edina Ábel
14,
Attila Szabo
14,15,
Hironobu Fujiwara
16,17,18,
Mami Shibata
16,
Alejandra R. Melero-Ventola
12,
Eva M. Arroyo-Anlló
19,
Ricardo M. Santos-Labrador
20,
Kei Kobayashi
16,
Francesco Di Carlo
21,
Cristina Monteiro
22,
Giovanni Martinotti
2,21 and
Ornella Corazza
2add Show full author list remove Hide full author list
1
Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 00135 Palanga, Lithuania
2
Department of Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9EU, UK
3
Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
4
Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
5
Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO40 2RZ, UK
6
Department of Neurobiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biosciences, Vilnius University, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
7
School of Health, Polytechnic of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
8
Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
9
Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
10
CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
11
Medical Sciences Division, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TG, UK
12
Department of Psychology, Pontifical University of Salamanca, 37002 Salamanca, Spain
13
Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar GX11 1AA, Gibraltar
14
Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
15
Institute of Health Promotion and Sport Sciences, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
16
Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
17
Artificial Intelligence Ethics and Society Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Saitama 103-0027, Japan
18
General Research Division, Research Center on Ethical, Legal and Social Issues, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
19
Department of Psychobiology, Neuroscience Institute of Castilla-León, University of Salamanca, 37002 Salamanca, Spain
20
Department of Physical Education, University Teacher’s College ‘Fray Luis de León’, 47010 Valladolid, Spain
21
Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
22
Department of Psychometrics, Institute of Psychology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
 
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*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(14), 8823; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148823
Submission received: 28 May 2022 / Revised: 5 July 2022 / Accepted: 15 July 2022 / Published: 20 July 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Substance Use and Behavioral Addictions in Adolescents and Young Adults)
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

This cross-sectional study aimed to explore specific online behaviours and their association with a range of underlying psychological and other behavioural factors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Eight countries (Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom, Lithuania, Portugal, Japan, Hungary, and Brazil) participated in an international investigation involving 2223 participants (M = 33 years old; SD = 11), 70% of whom were females. Participants were surveyed for specific type of Internet use severity, appearance anxiety, self-compassion, and image and use of performance-enhancing drugs (IPEDs). Results were compared cross-culturally. The mean time spent online was 5 h (SD = ±3) of daily browsing during the pandemic. The most commonly performed activities included social networking, streaming, and general surfing. A strong association between these online behaviours and appearance anxiety, self-compassion, and IPEDs use was found after adjustment for possible confounders, with higher scores being associated with specific online activities. Significant cross-cultural differences also emerged in terms of the amount of time spent online during the initial stages of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Keywords: problematic usage of the Internet; appearance anxiety; COVID-19 pandemic; mental illness; self-compassion problematic usage of the Internet; appearance anxiety; COVID-19 pandemic; mental illness; self-compassion

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Burkauskas, J.; Fineberg, N.A.; Ioannidis, K.; Chamberlain, S.R.; Bowden-Jones, H.; Griskova-Bulanova, I.; Pranckeviciene, A.; Dores, A.R.; Carvalho, I.P.; Barbosa, F.; et al. Online Behaviours during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Their Associations with Psychological Factors: An International Exploratory Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 8823. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148823

AMA Style

Burkauskas J, Fineberg NA, Ioannidis K, Chamberlain SR, Bowden-Jones H, Griskova-Bulanova I, Pranckeviciene A, Dores AR, Carvalho IP, Barbosa F, et al. Online Behaviours during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Their Associations with Psychological Factors: An International Exploratory Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(14):8823. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148823

Chicago/Turabian Style

Burkauskas, Julius, Naomi A. Fineberg, Konstantinos Ioannidis, Samuel R. Chamberlain, Henrietta Bowden-Jones, Inga Griskova-Bulanova, Aiste Pranckeviciene, Artemisa R. Dores, Irene P. Carvalho, Fernando Barbosa, and et al. 2022. "Online Behaviours during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Their Associations with Psychological Factors: An International Exploratory Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 14: 8823. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148823

APA Style

Burkauskas, J., Fineberg, N. A., Ioannidis, K., Chamberlain, S. R., Bowden-Jones, H., Griskova-Bulanova, I., Pranckeviciene, A., Dores, A. R., Carvalho, I. P., Barbosa, F., Simonato, P., De Luca, I., Mooney, R., Gómez-Martínez, M. Á., Demetrovics, Z., Ábel, K. E., Szabo, A., Fujiwara, H., Shibata, M., ... Corazza, O. (2022). Online Behaviours during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Their Associations with Psychological Factors: An International Exploratory Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(14), 8823. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148823

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