Northern Hemisphere Urban Heat Stress and Associated Labor Hour Hazard from ERA5 Reanalysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data and Methodology
2.1. Dataset and WBGT Calculation
propDirect, ZenithAngle, 1)/)
ZenithAngle, MinWindSpeed)/)
2.2. WBGT Flag Conditions
2.3. Urban Areas
3. Results
3.1. Continental Scale WBGT*
3.2. Urban Scale WBGT*
3.2.1. Asia
3.2.2. Europe, Africa, and North America
4. Discussion
4.1. South Asian WBGT*
4.2. Heat Hazard
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. WBGT* in Selected Urban Regions
Appendix B. Cloud Forcing and Latent Heat Correlation with Rest Hour
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Heat/Flag Category | WBGT Index (°C) | Resting Time (min h−1) |
---|---|---|
No flag | <29.4 | N/A |
Yellow | 29.4–31.1 | 15 |
Red | 31.1–32.2 | 30 |
Black | >32.2 | 45 |
Population (Thousand People) | ||
---|---|---|
Asia | Tokyo/Japan | 37,977 |
Delhi/India | 29,617 | |
Seoul/South Korea | 21,794 | |
Bangkok/Thailand | 17,066 | |
Dhaka/Bangladesh | 15,443 | |
Karachi/Pakistan | 15,400 | |
Kathmandu/Nepal | 3045 | |
Shanghai/China | 22,120 | |
Guangzhou/China | 20,902 | |
Beijing/China | 19,433 | |
Europe | Paris/France | 11,020 |
Madrid/Spain | 6026 | |
Roma/Italy | 3995 | |
Marseille/France | 1605 | |
Zurich/Switzerland | 805 | |
Africa | Cairo/Egypt | 10,025 |
North America | Mexico City/Mexico | 20,996 |
New York/USA | 20,870 | |
Los Angeles/USA | 15,402 | |
Houston/USA | 6406 | |
Minneapolis/USA | 2855 | |
Denver, CO/USA | 2690 |
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Lee, S.-Y.; Lung, S.-C.C.; Chiu, P.-G.; Wang, W.-C.; Tsai, I.-C.; Lin, T.-H. Northern Hemisphere Urban Heat Stress and Associated Labor Hour Hazard from ERA5 Reanalysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 8163. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138163
Lee S-Y, Lung S-CC, Chiu P-G, Wang W-C, Tsai I-C, Lin T-H. Northern Hemisphere Urban Heat Stress and Associated Labor Hour Hazard from ERA5 Reanalysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(13):8163. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138163
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Shih-Yu, Shih-Chun Candice Lung, Ping-Gin Chiu, Wen-Cheng Wang, I-Chun Tsai, and Thung-Hong Lin. 2022. "Northern Hemisphere Urban Heat Stress and Associated Labor Hour Hazard from ERA5 Reanalysis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13: 8163. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138163