Perceived Satisfaction with Online Study during COVID-19 Lockdown Correlates Positively with Resilience and Negatively with Anxiety, Depression, and Stress among Slovenian Postsecondary Students
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Materials and Instruments
- Depression—The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) [23]
- Anxiety—Generalized Anxiety Disorder questionnaire (GAD-7) [25]
- Stress—Perceived Stress Scale-4 (PSS-4) [27]
- Resilience—10-Item Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10) [29]
- Satisfaction with Online Study Scale (SAT-5)-5
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Corelations between Constructs
3.2. Differences between Genders
3.3. Differences between Students Unsatisfied with Online Study and Those Who Were Satisfied with It
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ANX | DEP | STR | RES | SAT | Mean | SD | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ANX | -- | 10.39 | 6.53 | ||||
DEP | 0.816 | -- | 11.29 | 7.23 | |||
STR | 0.675 | 0.707 | -- | 7.96 | 3.31 | ||
RES | −0.468 | −0.483 | −0.603 | -- | 23.63 | 7.37 | |
SAT | −0.443 | −0.439 | −0.357 | 0.254 | -- | 17.91 | 7.77 |
n | Mean | Std. Deviation | Std. Error | 95% CI for Mean | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Bound | Upper Bound | ||||||
ANX | Female | 3379 | 11.04 | 6.48 | 0.112 | 10.82 | 11.25 |
Male | 1245 | 8.54 | 6.29 | 0.179 | 8.19 | 8.89 | |
Total | 4624 | 10.36 | 6.52 | 0.096 | 10.18 | 10.55 | |
DEP | Female | 3379 | 11.86 | 7.26 | 0.125 | 11.61 | 12.10 |
Male | 1245 | 9.65 | 6.86 | 0.195 | 9.27 | 10.04 | |
Total | 4624 | 11.26 | 7.22 | 0.106 | 11.05 | 11.47 | |
STR | Female | 3379 | 8.26 | 3.25 | 0.056 | 8.15 | 8.37 |
Male | 1245 | 7.12 | 3.30 | 0.094 | 6.94 | 7.31 | |
Total | 4624 | 7.95 | 3.30 | 0.049 | 7.86 | 8.05 | |
RES | Female | 3379 | 22.95 | 7.23 | 0.124 | 22.71 | 23.20 |
Male | 1245 | 25.58 | 7.35 | 0.209 | 25.17 | 25.99 | |
Total | 4624 | 23.66 | 7.35 | 0.108 | 23.45 | 23.87 | |
SAT | Female | 3379 | 17.91 | 7.77 | 0.134 | 17.65 | 18.18 |
Male | 1245 | 17.91 | 7.79 | 0.221 | 17.48 | 18.35 | |
Total | 4624 | 17.91 | 7.77 | 0.114 | 17.69 | 18.14 |
Mann–Whitney U | Asymp. Sig. (2-Tailed) | Eta-Squared | CIL | CIU | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ANX | 1,635,789.0 | >0.001 | 0.029 | 0.020 | 0.039 |
DEP | 1,732,506.5 | >0.001 | 0.018 | 0.011 | 0.027 |
STR | 1,693,845.5 | >0.001 | 0.023 | 0.015 | 0.033 |
RES | 1,660,424.5 | >0.001 | 0.025 | 0.017 | 0.035 |
SAT | 2,098,303.0 | 0.899 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
n | Mean | SD | Std. Error | 95% CI for Mean | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Bound | Upper Bound | |||||
ANX-L1 | 1678 | 13.58 | 5.895 | 0.144 | 13.30 | 13.86 |
ANX-U | 1730 | 7.53 | 6.194 | 0.149 | 7.24 | 7.82 |
DEP-L | 1678 | 14.79 | 6.949 | 0.170 | 14.46 | 15.13 |
DEP-U | 1730 | 8.21 | 6.648 | 0.160 | 7.90 | 8.53 |
STR-L | 1678 | 9.28 | 3.201 | 0.078 | 9.13 | 9.43 |
STR-U | 1730 | 6.76 | 3.213 | 0.077 | 6.61 | 6.91 |
RES-L | 1678 | 21.56 | 7.794 | 0.190 | 21.19 | 21.94 |
RES-U | 1730 | 25.61 | 7.019 | 0.169 | 25.27 | 25.94 |
SAT-L1 | 1678 | 9.62 | 3.029 | 0.074 | 9.47 | 9.76 |
SAT-U | 1730 | 26.17 | 4.144 | 0.100 | 25.97 | 26.36 |
Mann–Whitney U | Z | Asymp. Sig. (2-Tailed) | Eta-Squared | CI | CI | Interpretation Sensu Cohen | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ANX | 701,278.5 | −26.102 | 0.000 | 0.200 | 0.177 | 0.222 | Large |
DEP | 713,841.5 | −25.650 | 0.000 | 0.189 | 0.167 | 0.212 | Large |
STR | 834,695.5 | −21.495 | 0.000 | 0.133 | 0.113 | 0.154 | Large |
RES | 1,015,406.5 | −15.127 | 0.000 | 0.069 | 0.053 | 0.086 | Large |
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Gabrovec, B.; Selak, Š.; Crnkovič, N.; Cesar, K.; Šorgo, A. Perceived Satisfaction with Online Study during COVID-19 Lockdown Correlates Positively with Resilience and Negatively with Anxiety, Depression, and Stress among Slovenian Postsecondary Students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 7024. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127024
Gabrovec B, Selak Š, Crnkovič N, Cesar K, Šorgo A. Perceived Satisfaction with Online Study during COVID-19 Lockdown Correlates Positively with Resilience and Negatively with Anxiety, Depression, and Stress among Slovenian Postsecondary Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(12):7024. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127024
Chicago/Turabian StyleGabrovec, Branko, Špela Selak, Nuša Crnkovič, Katarina Cesar, and Andrej Šorgo. 2022. "Perceived Satisfaction with Online Study during COVID-19 Lockdown Correlates Positively with Resilience and Negatively with Anxiety, Depression, and Stress among Slovenian Postsecondary Students" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 12: 7024. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127024
APA StyleGabrovec, B., Selak, Š., Crnkovič, N., Cesar, K., & Šorgo, A. (2022). Perceived Satisfaction with Online Study during COVID-19 Lockdown Correlates Positively with Resilience and Negatively with Anxiety, Depression, and Stress among Slovenian Postsecondary Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(12), 7024. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127024