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Volume 19
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Article

The Implication of the First Wave of COVID-19 on Mental Health: Results from a Portuguese Sample

by
Jorge Quintas
1,*,
Ana Guerreiro
1,2,
Maria João Leote de Carvalho
3,4,
Vera Duarte
2,4,
Ana Rita Pedro
5,6,
Ana Filipa Gama
5,6,
Inês Keygnaert
7,8 and
Sónia Dias
5,6
1
CJS—Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Crime, Justice and Security, School of Criminology, Faculty of Law, University of Porto, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
2
Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of Maia (UMAIA), 4475-690 Maia, Portugal
3
NOVA School of Social Sciences and Humanities (NOVA FCSH), 1069-061 Lisbon, Portugal
4
CICS.NOVA—Interdisciplinary Centre of Social Sciences, 1099-085 Lisbon, Portugal
5
Public Health Research Centre, NOVA National School of Public Health, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal
6
Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal
7
Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
8
WHO Collaborating Centre: International Centre for Reproductive Health (ICRH), Centre for Social Studies on Migration and Refugees (CESSMIR), 9000 Ghent, Belgium
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(11), 6489; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116489
Submission received: 24 March 2022 / Revised: 14 May 2022 / Accepted: 23 May 2022 / Published: 26 May 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social and Emotional Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic)
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

The social conditions created by the COVID-19 pandemic had a great potential to affect the mental health of individuals. Meta-analyses indicate a rise in these problems in these periods among general populations, patients and health professionals, even with substantial heterogeneous results. This paper examines mental health impacts specifically during the first wave of COVID-19. An online survey was conducted with a Portuguese convenience sample (N = 1.062) comprising questions about substance use, perceived stress, post-traumatic stress disorder and self-damage behaviors. The results concerning substance use show an extensive use of medication to sleep or calm down, especially among women and older respondents, a small percentage of alcohol consumers with a high pattern of use and less frequent cannabis consumption, even with a quarter of users who began only in the COVID-19 period. The rates of perceived stress and PTSD were higher compared with international prevalence estimations during the pandemic conditions. Both correlated measures were worse for women and young people. Another problematic issue was the rate of suicidal ideation, with a relevant proportion of starters during this period. These data reinforce the need to promote access to mental health services.
Keywords: COVID-19; lockdown; mental health; public health; psychological impact COVID-19; lockdown; mental health; public health; psychological impact

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Quintas, J.; Guerreiro, A.; de Carvalho, M.J.L.; Duarte, V.; Pedro, A.R.; Gama, A.F.; Keygnaert, I.; Dias, S. The Implication of the First Wave of COVID-19 on Mental Health: Results from a Portuguese Sample. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 6489. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116489

AMA Style

Quintas J, Guerreiro A, de Carvalho MJL, Duarte V, Pedro AR, Gama AF, Keygnaert I, Dias S. The Implication of the First Wave of COVID-19 on Mental Health: Results from a Portuguese Sample. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(11):6489. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116489

Chicago/Turabian Style

Quintas, Jorge, Ana Guerreiro, Maria João Leote de Carvalho, Vera Duarte, Ana Rita Pedro, Ana Filipa Gama, Inês Keygnaert, and Sónia Dias. 2022. "The Implication of the First Wave of COVID-19 on Mental Health: Results from a Portuguese Sample" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 11: 6489. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116489

APA Style

Quintas, J., Guerreiro, A., de Carvalho, M. J. L., Duarte, V., Pedro, A. R., Gama, A. F., Keygnaert, I., & Dias, S. (2022). The Implication of the First Wave of COVID-19 on Mental Health: Results from a Portuguese Sample. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(11), 6489. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116489

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