Investigation of a SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak at an Automotive Manufacturing Site in England
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Non-Cases (n = 34) | Cases (n = 4) | Total (n = 38) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Work factors | ||||
Work area | All areas | 2 (5.9) | 0 | 2 (5.3) |
Materials and preparation | 2 (5.9) | 0 | 2 (5.3) | |
Office | 4 (11.8) | 1 (25) | 5 (13.2) | |
Office + other areas | 4 (11.8) | 0 | 4 (10.5) | |
Production, assembly, and finishing | 21 (61.7) | 3 (75) | 24 (63.2) | |
Unknown | 1 (2.9) | 0 | 1 (2.6) | |
Employment contract | Permanent | 33 (97.1) | 4 (100) | 37 (97.4) |
Zero hours | 1 (2.9) | 0 | 1 (2.6) | |
Same shifts | No | 2 (6.3) | 0 | 2 (5.6) |
Yes | 30 (93.8) | 4 (100) | 34 (94.4) | |
Missing | 2 | 0 | 2 | |
Work indoors | No | 1 (3) | 1 (25) | 2 (5.4) |
Yes | 32 (97) | 3 (75) | 35 (94.6) | |
Missing | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
No. of contacts whilst working indoors | Alone | 3 (13.6) | 0 | 3 (12) |
1–2 | 1 (4.5) | 1 (33.3) | 2 (8) | |
3–5 | 5 (22.7) | 0 | 5 (20) | |
≥6 | 13 (59.1) | 2 (66.7) | 15 (60) | |
Missing | 11 | 0 | 11 | |
Not applicable | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
Indoor fresh air | No | 6 (26.1) | 0 | 6 (23.1) |
Yes, mechanical | 5 (21.7) | 0 | 5 (19.2) | |
Yes, opening window/door | 2 (8.7) | 0 | 2 (7.7) | |
Yes, other | 2 (8.7) | 0 | 2 (7.7) | |
Don’t know | 8 (34.8) | 3 (100) | 11 (42.3) | |
Missing | 10 | 0 | 10 | |
Not applicable | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
Physical contact with colleagues | No | 18 (58.1) | 2 (50) | 20 (57.1) |
Yes | 13 (41.9) | 2 (50) | 15 (42.9) | |
Missing | 3 | 0 | 3 | |
Divider between colleagues | No | 16 (76.2) | 1 (33.3) | 17 (70.8) |
Yes | 5 (23.8) | 2 (66.7) | 7 (29.2) | |
Missing | 4 | 0 | 4 | |
Not applicable | 9 | 1 | 10 | |
Social distance with colleagues | Rarely | 6 (20.7) | 0 | 6 (18.2) |
Sometimes | 2 (6.9) | 0 | 2 (6.1) | |
Mostly | 21 (72.4) | 4 (100) | 25 (75.8) | |
Always | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Missing | 5 | 0 | 5 | |
Lean in | No | 7 (21.9) | 1 (25) | 8 (22.2) |
Yes, sometimes | 14 (43.8) | 2 (50) | 16 (44.4) | |
Yes, most of the time | 8 (25) | 1 (25) | 9 (25.0) | |
Yes, always | 3 (9.4) | 0 | 3 (8.3) | |
Missing | 2 | 0 | 2 | |
Pay change concerns due to work closure | No change | 2 (5.9) | 2 (50) | 4 (10.5) |
Decrease | 24 (70.6) | 2 (50) | 26 (68.4) | |
Become zero | 1 (2.9) | 0 | 1 (2.6) | |
Don’t know | 7 (20.6) | 0 | 7 (18.4) | |
Pay change concerns due to self-isolation | No change | 2 (6.1) | 3 (75) | 5 (13.5) |
Decrease | 22 (66.7) | 1 (25) | 23 (62.2) | |
Become zero | 1 (3) | 0 | 1 (2.7) | |
Don’t know | 8 (24.2) | 0 | 8 (21.6) | |
Missing | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
Future income reduction concerns due to self-isolation | No, not at all | 5 (14.7) | 1 (25) | 6 (15.8) |
No, not so much | 4 (11.8) | 0 | 4 (10.5) | |
Yes, slightly | 9 (26.5) | 0 | 9 (23.7) | |
Yes, very much | 16 (47) | 3 (75) | 19 (50) | |
Not sure | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Future unemployment concerns due to self-isolation | No, not at all | 11 (32.4) | 2 (50) | 13 (34.2) |
No, not so much | 9 (26.5) | 0 | 9 (23.7) | |
Yes, slightly | 5 (14.7) | 0 | 5 (13.2) | |
Yes, very much | 8 (23.5) | 0 | 8 (21.1) | |
Not sure | 1 (2.9) | 2 (50) | 3 (7.9) | |
COVID-19 prevention | ||||
COVID-19 training at work | No | 1 (3) | 0 | 1 (2.7) |
Yes | 32 (97) | 4 (100) | 36 (97.3) | |
Missing | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
Handwashing or sanitising facilities at work | No | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Yes | 32 (100) | 4 (100) | 36 (100) | |
Missing | 2 | 0 | 2 | |
Good hand hygiene practice signage at work | No | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Yes | 31 (100) | 4 (100) | 35 (100) | |
Missing | 3 | 0 | 3 | |
Vaccinated | No | 30 (88.2) | 4 (100) | 34 (89.5) |
Yes | 4 (11.8) | 0 | 4 (10.5) | |
Vaccine type | Pfizer/bioNTech | 1 (25) | 0 | 1 (25) |
Oxford/AstraZeneca | 3 (75) | 0 | 3 (75) | |
Not applicable | 30 | 4 | 34 | |
Had a close-contact with symptom/s | No | 19 (55.9) | 1 (25) | 20 (52.6) |
Yes, live with | 0 | 3 (75) | 3 (7.9) | |
Yes, work with | 6 (17.7) | 0 | 6 (15.8) | |
Yes, live and work with | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Yes, do not live and work with | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Not sure | 9 (26.5) | 0 | 0 | |
Had a close-contact with positive test | No | 18 (52.9) | 1 (25) | 19 (50) |
Yes, live with | 0 | 3 (75) | 3 (7.9) | |
Yes, work with | 9 (26.5) | 0 | 9 (23.7) | |
Yes, live and work with | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Yes, do not live and work with | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Not sure | 7 (20.6) | 0 | 7 (18.4) |
RT-PCR Results (From a Total of 36 Samples) | Level of RNA (Based on Ct Value) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Confirmed Positive | Suspected Positive | Negative | Moderate–High (Ct < 32.0) | Low (Ct 32.0–34.9) | Very Low–None (Ct ≥ 35.0 a) |
14 (38.9%) | 3 (8.3%) | 19 (52.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (5.6%) | 34 (94.4%) |
Positive sample information | |||||
Site area | Location in area | Mean Ct value b | Estimated copies per cm2 c | ||
Production lines, assembly, and finishing | Metal storage rack | 35.7 | 5299 | ||
Work bench | 35.6 | 5195 | |||
Work bench | 37.2 d | 1306 | |||
Work bench | 37.9 d | 725 | |||
Cleaning station | 36.2 | 3254 | |||
Work bench | 35.7 | 4478 | |||
Work bench | 36.1 | 3385 | |||
Photocopier | 36.4 | 3863 | |||
Material Preparation | Multi-use bench | 37.3 | 1296 | ||
Work bench | 35.1 | 7921 | |||
Metal storage rack | 35.3 | 6537 | |||
Cupboard | 35.9 | 3835 | |||
Canteen | Vending machine | 37.3 d | 1186 | ||
Locker room | Locker | 35.1 | 7511 | ||
Locker | 32.7 | 56,986 | |||
Locker | 36.2 | 3454 | |||
Locker | 33.1 | 40,520 |
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Raja, A.I.; van Veldhoven, K.; Ewuzie, A.; Frost, G.; Sandys, V.; Atkinson, B.; Nicholls, I.; Graham, A.; Higgins, H.; Coldwell, M.; et al. Investigation of a SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak at an Automotive Manufacturing Site in England. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 6400. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116400
Raja AI, van Veldhoven K, Ewuzie A, Frost G, Sandys V, Atkinson B, Nicholls I, Graham A, Higgins H, Coldwell M, et al. Investigation of a SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak at an Automotive Manufacturing Site in England. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(11):6400. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116400
Chicago/Turabian StyleRaja, Amber I., Karin van Veldhoven, Adanna Ewuzie, Gillian Frost, Vince Sandys, Barry Atkinson, Ian Nicholls, Alice Graham, Hannah Higgins, Matthew Coldwell, and et al. 2022. "Investigation of a SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak at an Automotive Manufacturing Site in England" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 11: 6400. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116400
APA StyleRaja, A. I., van Veldhoven, K., Ewuzie, A., Frost, G., Sandys, V., Atkinson, B., Nicholls, I., Graham, A., Higgins, H., Coldwell, M., Simpson, A., Cooke, J., Bennett, A., Barber, C., Morgan, D., Atchison, C., Keen, C., Fletcher, T., Pearce, N., ... Chen, Y. (2022). Investigation of a SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak at an Automotive Manufacturing Site in England. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(11), 6400. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116400