Direct and Indirect Determinants of Body Mass Index in Both Major Ethnic Groups Experiencing the Nutritional Transition in Cameroon
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Sampling
2.3. Sociodemographic Characteristics
2.4. Perceptions of Corpulence
2.5. Dietary Intake
2.6. Physical Activity
2.7. Anthropometry
2.8. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics of Participants
3.2. Perception of Corpulence
3.3. Energy Value
3.4. Physical Activity
3.5. Bio-Anthropometry
3.6. Migration and Nutritional Status
3.7. Driver Pathways Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ethnicity | Rural Béti | Rural Bamiléké | Urban Béti | Urban Bamiléké | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | n | 120 | 124 | 142 | 140 |
Age | 42 ± 14 b-x | 41 ± 14 x-x | 38 ± 14 b-x | 38 ± 14 x-x | |
SES (low) % | 91 c-x | 93 c-x | 22 c-c | 12 c-c | |
SES (high) % | 9 c-x | 7 c-x | 78 c-c | 88 c-c | |
Marital status % | |||||
Married | 53 c-x | 56 x-x | 37 c-c | 60 x-c | |
Single/cohabiting | 47 a-x | 44 x-x | 63 a-c | 40 x-c | |
Educational level % | |||||
None or Primary | 43 c-c | 63 c-c | 18 c-c | 40 c-c | |
High school/university | 57 c-c | 37 c-c | 82 c-c | 60 c-c | |
Women | n | 110 | 130 | 164 | 176 |
Age | 38 ± 13 | 39 ± 13 | 36 ± 13 | 37 ± 13 | |
SES (low) % | 91 c-x | 92 c-x | 27 c-x | 32 c-x | |
SES (high) % | 9 c-x | 8 c-x | 72 c-x | 68 c-x | |
Marital status % | |||||
Married | 66 a-x | 64 x-x | 77 a-x | 62 x-x | |
Single/cohabiting | 34 a-x | 36 x-x | 23 a-b | 38 x-b | |
Educational level % | |||||
None or Primary | 62 c-x | 63 c-x | 42 c-x | 48 c-x | |
High school/university | 38 c-x | 37 c-x | 58 c-x | 52 c-x |
Ethnicity | Rural Béti | Rural Bamiléké | Urban Béti | Urban Bamiléké | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | n | 120 | 126 | 143 | 140 |
Energy value (Mega Joule) | 7.53 ± 0.94 x-b | 9.69 ± 0.62 a-b | 8.57 ± 1.17 x-c | 12.15 ± 0.92 a-c | |
Intense physical activity (H) | 2.28 ± 0.07 b-c | 1.23 ± 0.04 b-c | 1.03 ± 0.08 b-b | 0.40 ± 0.07 b-b | |
Moderate physical activity (H) | 1.50 ± 0.18 x-b | 2.07 ± 0.12 b-b | 1.66 ± 0.22 x-b | 1.81 ± 0.19 b-b | |
Walking activity (H) | 1.58 ± 0.12 a-c | 1.83 ± 0.08 a-c | 0.83 ± 0.15 a-c | 1.23 ± 0.12 a-c | |
Sedentary behavior (H) | 3.34 ± 0.15 b-c | 5.54 ± 0.10 c-c | 4.44 ± 0.19 b-c | 6.41 ± 0.15 c-c | |
Women | n | 110 | 132 | 164 | 179 |
Energy value (Mega Joule) | 5.65 ± 0.01 b-c | 9.25 ± 0.23 c-c | 6.69 ± 0.14 b-c | 10.50 ± 0.11 c-c | |
Intense physical activity (H) | 1.31 ± 0.01 b-b | 0.91 ± 0.05 b-b | 0.29 ± 0.03 b-b | 0.14 ± 0.03 b-b | |
Moderate physical activity (H) | 1.59 ± 0.01 b-c | 2.33 ± 0.07 c-c | 1.82 ± 0.05 b-c | 2.39 ± 0.04 c-c | |
Walking activity (H) | 1.29 ± 0.01 b-c | 1.44 ± 0.07 c-c | 0.75 ± 0.05 b-b | 0.83 ± 0.04 c-b | |
Sedentary behavior (H) | 3.03 ± 0.01 a-c | 6.50 ± 0.20 a-c | 3.78 ± 0.12 a-c | 6.03 ± 0.09 a-c |
Ethnicity | Rural Béti | Rural Bamiléké | Urban Béti | Urban Bamiléké | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Comparative analysis for men | n | 120 | 126 | 143 | 140 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 21.80 ± 0.65 a-c | 24.21 ± 0.43 a-c | 23.46 ± 0.82 a-c | 26.76 ± 0.64 a-c | |
Underweight (%) | 10 c-c | 2 x-c | 5 c-c | 2 x-c | |
Normal weight (%) | 76 c-c | 66 c-c | 63 c-c | 37 c-c | |
Overweight (%) | 12 c-c | 26 c-c | 29 c-c | 40 c-c | |
Obesity (%) | 2 x-b | 6 c-b | 3 x-c | 21 c-c | |
Waist circumference (cm) | 77.12 ± 1.82 a-c | 84.18 ± 1.20 a-c | 80.52 ± 2.27 a-c | 89.97 ± 1.79 a-c | |
No abdominal obesity | 98 x-x | 96 c-x | 97 x-c | 84 c-c | |
Abdominal obesity | 2 x-x | 4 c-x | 3 x-c | 16 c-c | |
Hip circumference (cm) | 88.80 ± 1.30 a-b | 94.44 ± 0.86 a-b | 92.74 ± 1.62 a-b | 100.39 ± 1.28 a-b | |
Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.87 ± 0.01 x-a | 0.89 ± 0.01 x-a | 0.86 ± 0.01 x-a | 0.89 ± 0.01 x-a | |
No abdominal obesity | 99 x-x | 97 a-x | 98 x-a | 94 a-a | |
Abdominal obesity | 1 x-b | 3 c-b | 2 x-c | 6 c-c | |
Mean blood pressure (mmHg) | 91.42 ± 2.25 x-a | 95.78 ± 1.49 a-a | 92.96 ± 2.82 x-b | 100.23 ± 2.22 a-b | |
No hypertension | 53 a-c | 36 a-c | 40 a-c | 28 a-c | |
Hypertension | 47 c-c | 64 a-c | 60 c-c | 72 a-c | |
Comparative analysis for women | n | 110 | 132 | 164 | 179 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.56 ± 0.03 c-c | 26.82 ± 0.46 b-c | 24.97 ± 0.26 c-c | 29.04 ± 0.19 b-c | |
Underweight (%) | 6 x-c | 0 x-c | 5 x-a | 2 x-a | |
Normal weight (%) | 65 c-c | 42 c-c | 53 c-c | 27 c-c | |
Overweight (%) | 18 c-c | 37 x-c | 28 c-x | 30 x-x | |
Obesity (%) | 11 a-c | 21 c-c | 14 a-c | 41 c-c | |
Waist circumference (cm) | 80.56 ± 0.12 a-c | 89.51 ± 1.28 x-c | 81.89 ± 0.72 a-c | 91.07 ± 0.53 x-c | |
No abdominal obesity | 81 c-c | 46 x-c | 67 c-c | 44 x-c | |
Abdominal obesity | 19 c-c | 54 x-c | 33 c-c | 56 x-c | |
Hip circumference (cm) | 94.07 ± 0.11 a-b | 103.04 ± 1.24 a-b | 98.15 ± 0.70 a-c | 108.09 ± 0.51 a-c | |
Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.86 ± 0.01 a-a | 0.87 ± 0.01 b-a | 0.83 ± 0.01 a-b | 0.84 ± 0.01 b-b | |
No abdominal obesity | 60 a-a | 51 a-a | 50 a-a | 40 a-a | |
Abdominal obesity | 40 a-a | 49 c-a | 50 a-b | 60 c-b | |
Mean blood pressure (mmHg) | 88.06 ± 0.03 a-a | 91.27 ± 1.13 a-a | 90.34 ± 0.71 a-b | 96.26 ± 0.53 a-b | |
No hypertension | 62 x-x | 58 c-x | 58 x-c | 39 c-c | |
Hypertension | 38 x-x | 42 c-x | 42 x-c | 61 c-c |
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Cohen, E.; Amougou, N.; Ponty, A.; Guerrien, M.; Wakenge, W.; Chidumwa, G.; Said-Mohamed, R.; Fezeu, L.K.; Pasquet, P. Direct and Indirect Determinants of Body Mass Index in Both Major Ethnic Groups Experiencing the Nutritional Transition in Cameroon. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 6108. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106108
Cohen E, Amougou N, Ponty A, Guerrien M, Wakenge W, Chidumwa G, Said-Mohamed R, Fezeu LK, Pasquet P. Direct and Indirect Determinants of Body Mass Index in Both Major Ethnic Groups Experiencing the Nutritional Transition in Cameroon. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(10):6108. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106108
Chicago/Turabian StyleCohen, Emmanuel, Norbert Amougou, Amandine Ponty, Margaux Guerrien, Wakilongo Wakenge, Glory Chidumwa, Rihlat Said-Mohamed, Léopold K. Fezeu, and Patrick Pasquet. 2022. "Direct and Indirect Determinants of Body Mass Index in Both Major Ethnic Groups Experiencing the Nutritional Transition in Cameroon" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 10: 6108. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106108