Beneficial Use Impairments, Degradation of Aesthetics, and Human Health: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. What Does It Mean to Be “Aesthetically Degraded”?
1.2. What Is the Aim of This Review?
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Overview
2.2. Identification of Relevant Search Terms and Engines
2.3. Screening Criteria
2.4. Screening and Data Extraction
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Disclaimer
References
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Study | Location | Population | Exposure | Outcome & Sample Size | Covariates |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
The Effects of Naturalness, Gender, and Age on how Urban Green Space is Perceived and Used Sang, 2016, Urban Forestry & Urban Greening [45] | Gothenburg, Sweden | Households living close to six different urban green spaces in 2016 | Perceived naturalness based on six areas of diverse character (urban park, woodland, nature area, residential, allotment) assessed by survey | Self-report wellbeing assessed by WHO (ten) well-being index n = 1347 | age gender |
Residential Green Space and Birth Outcomes in a Coastal Setting Glazer, 2018, Environmental Research [33] | Rhode Island, United States | Births occurring at Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, to >17 years at delivery, singleton, living within RI, GA 22–44, birthweight 500–5000 g, with data on covariates from 2002–2004 & 2006–2012 | Residential distance to and buffer density of green and blue spaces assessed by NDVI and linear distance | Preterm, birthweight, and small for gestational age assessed by birth record and standard cut points (<37 weeks, grams, birth weight < 10th percentile) n = 61,460 | maternal age, race, number of prenatal visits, maternal education, marital status, insurance coverage, tobacco use, neighborhood SES, gestational age at birth, town of residence, distance to major roadways |
The Association Between Natural Environments and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents Living in the United States Bezold, 2018, Journal of Adolescent Health [32] | United States | GUTS (Growing Up Today) adolescents cohort 1999 | Residential proximity and buffer density of green and blue space assessed by NDVI and linear distance | Depressive symptoms assessed by McKnight risk factor survey n = 9385 | race, grade level, age, gender, household income, father’s education, maternal history of depression, median tract income, home value, percent tract white, tract college education, region of country, urban/rural, PM2.5 average for July 1999 |
Natural Environments and Suicide Mortality in the Netherlands: a Cross-sectional, Ecological Study Helbich, 2018, The Lancet Planetary Health [44] | Netherlands | National suicide register from 2005–2014 | Proportion of greenspace/bluespace and coastal proximity per municipality assessed by Dutch land-use database | Registered suicide deaths assessed by death certificate n = 16,105 | gender, divorce, unemployment, housing values, distance to nearest GP, voter alignment, urbancity |
Are our Beaches Safe? Quantifying the Human Health Impact of Anthropogenic Beach Litter on People in New Zealand Campbell, 2019, Science of the Total Environment [48] | New Zealand | ACC insurance claims from 2007–2016 | Reported insurance claims related to injury from beach litter per region | Injury type noted in insurance claim n = 161,261 | age, gender, ethnicity, location |
Effects of Freshwater Blue Spaces may be Beneficial for Mental Health: A First, Ecological Study in the North American Great Lakes Region Pearson, 2019, PLoS ONE [34] | Michigan, United States | Michigan residents in the MIDB during 2014 | Proximity/coverage of bluespace assessed by linear distance and zip code overlap | MIDB reported anxiety/mood disorder n = 30,421 | age, gender, median income, population density |
Human Health Impacts from Litter on Beaches and Associated Perceptions: A Case Study of ‘clean’ Tasmanian Beaches Campbell, 2016, Ocean & Coastal Management [47] | Tasmania, Australia | Tasmania beach users from 2010–2011 | Frequency of attendance to any of nine beaches across Tasmania assessed by survey | Survey self-reported injury occuring at beaches related to litter n = 173 | NA |
Using Deep Learning to Examine Street View Green and Blue Spaces and their Associations with Geriatric Depression in Beijing, China Helbich, 2019, Environment International [39] | Beijing, China | Elderly population residing in Haidian district during 2011 | Neighborhood green/blue space measured by Landsat, NDVI,NDWI, and street view neighborhood green/blue space measured by Landsat, NDVI,NDWI, and street view | Depressive symptoms assessed by geriatric depression scale (GDS-15) n = 1190 | gender, age, education, marital status, ADL score, multiple chronic diseases, air pollution |
Designing Urban Green Spaces for Older Adults in Asian Cities Tan, 2019 [38] | Hong Kong and Tainan | Elderly population of Hong Kong and Tainan 2016–2018 | Attendance to one of 31 small scale urban greenspaces | General health survey n = 326 | NA |
Neighbourhood Blue Space, Health and Wellbeing: The Mediating role of Different Types of Physical Activity Pasanen, 2019, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health [46] | England, United Kingdom | English households from 2008–2012 | Coastal proximity to bluespace and present/absent freshwater bluespace assessed by land use database and linear distance | Self-reported general health assessed by standardized health survey n = 21,097 | quantity/quality of blue and greenspace, urban/rural, deprivation index, age, gender, education, marital status, household income, employment, car availability, number of children, long-term illness, year |
The neighborhood effect of exposure to blue space on elderly individual’s mental health: A case study in Guangzhou, China Chen & Yuan, 2020, Health and Place [40] | Guangzhou, China | Elderly adults sampled from 18 neighborhoods in 2018 | Remote sensed neighborhood blue space (characteristics, nearness, visitation) | Self-reported mental health assessed by 36-item Short Form Health Survey n = 966 | age, gender, education, marital status, hukou status, monthly household income, employment information |
Green and Blue Space Availability and Self-Rated health among Seniors in China: Evidence from a National Survey Lin & Wu, 2021, International journal of environmental research and public health [41] | China | Chinese Social Survey respondents aged 60 years or more from 2011 | Neighborhood green and blue space assessed by linear distance and buffer area coverage via NDVI/Lansat, Inland Surface Water Dataset | Self-reported overall health assessed via Chinese Social Survey n = 1773 | age, marital status, ethnicity, insurance, lifestyle education, household registration location, occupation, income, assets, distance to major roadway, population density, GDP production per km2 |
The effect of urban nature exposure on mental health—a case study of Guangzhou Liu, 2021, Journal of Cleaner Production [42] | Guangzhou, China | Survey respondents from 23 residential communities across Guangzhou from 2020 | Nearest park and network distance to park and buffer area coverage of blue space using Open Street Map | Self-reported mental health assessed by the Mental Health Inventory n = 933 | age, gender, education, income, education, income, occupation, marital status, and residence location, urban, life events |
General health and residential proximity to the coast in Belgium: Results from a cross-sectional health survey Hooyberg, 2020, Environmental research [43] | Belgium | Respondents of the Belgian Health Interview Survey as of 2013 | Network distance to the coast assessed via Open Street Map | Self-reported general health via Belgian Health Interview Survey n = 60,939 | age, sex, chronic disease, body mass index, employment, income, smoking, urbanization, year, season, green space, blue space |
Different types of urban natural environments influence various dimensions of self-reported health Jarvis, 2020, Environmental research [37] | Vancouver, Canada | Respondents of the Canadian Community Health Surveys from 2013–2014 | Buffer landcover type via 2008–2015 LiDAR and aerial photography plus access to public greenspace via presence of greenspace within 300 m | Self-reported general health and mental health assessed via the Canadian Community Health Survey n = 2,183,170 | age, gender, race/cultural background, education, household income, urbancity |
Cross-sectional association between the neighborhood built environment and physical activity in a rural setting: the Bogalusa Heart Study Gustat, 2020, BMC public health [35] | Bogalusa, United States | Questionnaire respondents of the Bogalusa Heart Study from 2012–2013 | Built environment scores for buffer area surrounding residence assessed via the Rural Active Living Assessment and Google Street View | Physical Activity Questionnaire data weekly metabolic equivalent minuets for leisure, transport, and total physical data. n = 1245 | age, race, body mass index, education, income, smoking, alcohol consumption, percent census block below poverty, population density |
Perceived biodiversity, sound, naturalness, and safety enhance the strotive quality and wellbeing benefits of green and blue space in a neotropical city Fisher, 2021, Science of the Total Environment [49] | Georgetown, Guyana | Survey respondents from 15 natural sites across Georgetown in 2019 | Live birdsong and species diversity assessed via recordings and photography | Self-reported wellbeing assessed via the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule n = 409 | age, ethnicity, religion, education, household income, location of residence |
Greenspace Inversely Associated with Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease in the Mid-Atlantic United States Wu & Jackson, 2021, Earth [36] | United States | Centers for Medicaid and Medicare recipients 65 years and older residing in Mid-Atlantic Region from 1999–2013 | Landcover type assessed via aerial photography and classified at the zipcode level | Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease via ICD-9 code in patient record. n = 109,405 | monthly average PM2.5, percent greenspace, percent water area, houshold income, zip code area, population density, road density |
The Restorative Health Benefits of a Tactical Urban Intervention: An Urban Waterfront Study Roe, 2019, Frontiers in Built Environment [31] | West Palm Beach, United States | Pedestrians along West Palm Beach Promenade Spring 2017 | Crossover trial comparing normal promenade conditions (i.e., no changes) to one with minor aesthetic changes | Real-time heart rate variability, subjective mood, and perceived restorativeness assessed via wearable device and surveys n = 23 | NA |
Domain | Criteria | Sang 2016 | Glazer 2018 | Bezold 2018 | Helbich 2018 | Campbell 2019 | Pearson 2019 | Campbell 2016 | Helbich 2019 | Tan 2019 | Pasanen 2019 | Chen 2020 | Lin & Wu 2021 | Liu 2021 | Hooyberg 2020 | Jarvis 2020 | Gustat 2020 | Fisher 2021 | Wu & Jackson 2021 | Roe 2019 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population selection | Is the population studied well suited for studying exposure to aesthetic degradation? | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
Is population selection, recruitment, inclusion/exclusion, etc., given in sufficient detail? | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | |
Are there sufficient numbers of included population to observe associations? | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | |
Exposure | Were there quantitative approaches to describe the aesthetic condition? | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | Y | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | N | Y |
Was aesthetic condition defined, and captured in a way consistent with that definition? | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | Y | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | N | Y | |
Are sub-types of habitats and associated areas described? | Y | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | N/A | N | N | Y | N | N | Y | N | Y | N | N | |
If the study examined green/blue space, was this examined beyond the presence or absence of that space? | Y | N | N | N | N/A | N | N/A | N | Y | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | Y | N | Y | |
Is the exposure environment/controls appropriate to test the experience? Is there an exposure control/negative exposure? | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | Y | N | N | Y | |
Outcome | Is there measurement of a health outcome as opposed to an assessment of risk or hazard? | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
Is there a clear mode of action laid out for exposure to impact health? | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | |
Is the outcome measured appropriately? Is the outcome measure specific and unlikely to be misclassified? Is there a temporal component to the outcome measure in regard to the exposure? | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | |
Analysis | Are appropriate confounders considered and accounted for? | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
Are the methods used in modeling appropriate? | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | |
Does the study design support whether the effect is based on relative state of physical space or absolute quality of space? | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | Y | N | Y | N | N | N | N | Y | Y | N | Y |
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Slawsky, E.D.; Hoffman, J.C.; Cowan, K.N.; Rappazzo, K.M. Beneficial Use Impairments, Degradation of Aesthetics, and Human Health: A Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 6090. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106090
Slawsky ED, Hoffman JC, Cowan KN, Rappazzo KM. Beneficial Use Impairments, Degradation of Aesthetics, and Human Health: A Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(10):6090. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106090
Chicago/Turabian StyleSlawsky, Erik D., Joel C. Hoffman, Kristen N. Cowan, and Kristen M. Rappazzo. 2022. "Beneficial Use Impairments, Degradation of Aesthetics, and Human Health: A Review" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 10: 6090. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106090