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Article

Antimicrobial Usage and Resistance in Makkah Region Hospitals: A Regional Point Prevalence Survey of Public Hospitals

by
Abdul Haseeb
1,*,
Hani Saleh Faidah
2,
Manal Algethamy
3,
Saleh Alghamdi
4,
Ghaidaa Ali Alhazmi
5,
Afnan Owedah Alshomrani
6,
Bashair Rjyan Alqethami
7,
Hind Saeed Alotibi
8,
Maali Zayed Almutiri
9,
Khawlah Saad Almuqati
10,
Amjad Abdullah Albishi
11,
Mahmoud Essam Elrggal
1,
Ahmad Jamal Mahrous
1,
Asim Abdulaziz Khogeer
12,13,
Zikria Saleem
14,
Muhammad Shahid Iqbal
15 and
Aziz Sheikh
16
1
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
2
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
3
Department of Infection Prevention and Control Program, Alnoor Specialist Hospital Makkah, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia
4
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Clinical Pharmacy, Al Baha University, Al Baha 65779, Saudi Arabia
5
Departments of Pharmacy, King Abdullah Medical City, Ministry of Health, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
6
King Abdul Aziz Medical City, WR, Jeddah, Ministry of National Guard, Jeddah 21423, Saudi Arabia
7
Maternity and Children Hospital, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
8
Prince Meshari Bin Saud- General Baljarshi Hospital, Al Baha 65779, Saudi Arabia
9
Sulaiman AlHabib Medical Group, Jeddah 22230, Saudi Arabia
10
King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (Gen. Org.), Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
11
Maternity and Children Hospital, Bishah 24213, Saudi Arabia
12
Plan and Research Department, General Directorate of Health Affairs of Makkah Region, Ministry of Health, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
13
Medical Genetics Unit, Maternity and Children Hospital, Makkah Healthcare Cluster, Ministry of Health, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
14
Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, New Campus, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
15
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
16
Usher Institute, Old Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK
 
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*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(1), 254; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010254
Submission received: 4 December 2021 / Revised: 21 December 2021 / Accepted: 23 December 2021 / Published: 27 December 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Antibiotic Resistance within One Health)
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Abstract

(1) Background: Inappropriate use of antimicrobials and subsequently rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remains a major public health priority. Over-prescribing of broad-spectrum antibiotics is one of the main contributing factors for the emergence of AMR. We sought to describe antimicrobial prescribing trends among patients in public hospitals in Makkah hospitals. (2) Method: We undertook a point prevalence survey (PPS) in six hospitals in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, from January 2019 to July 2019. The survey included all the inpatients receiving antimicrobials on the day of PPS. Data was collected using the Global point prevalence survey (PPS) tool developed by the University of Antwerp, Belgium. (3) Results: Of 710 hospitalized patients, 447 patients (61.9%) were treated with one or more antimicrobials during the study period. The average bed occupancy among six hospitals was 74.4%. The majority of patients received antimicrobials parenterally (90.3%). Of the total prescribed antimicrobials, 415 (53.7%) antimicrobials were used in medical departments, 183 (23.7%) in surgical departments, and 175 (22.6%) in ICUs. Pneumonia (17.3%), skin and soft tissue infections (10.9%), and sepsis (6.6.%) were three common clinical indications. Ceftriaxones were the most commonly used antibiotics that were prescribed in 116 (15%) of patients, followed by piperacillin, with an enzyme inhibitor in 84 (10.9%). (4) Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of antibiotic use in the hospitals of Makkah, which could be a potential risk factor for the incidence of resistant strains, particularly MRSA infection. Public health decision-makers should take these findings into consideration to update national policies for antibiotic use in order to reduce the risks of further increases of AMR.
Keywords: antimicrobial consumption; antimicrobial resistance; point prevalence survey; hospital; Saudi Arabia antimicrobial consumption; antimicrobial resistance; point prevalence survey; hospital; Saudi Arabia

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Haseeb, A.; Faidah, H.S.; Algethamy, M.; Alghamdi, S.; Alhazmi, G.A.; Alshomrani, A.O.; Alqethami, B.R.; Alotibi, H.S.; Almutiri, M.Z.; Almuqati, K.S.; et al. Antimicrobial Usage and Resistance in Makkah Region Hospitals: A Regional Point Prevalence Survey of Public Hospitals. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 254. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010254

AMA Style

Haseeb A, Faidah HS, Algethamy M, Alghamdi S, Alhazmi GA, Alshomrani AO, Alqethami BR, Alotibi HS, Almutiri MZ, Almuqati KS, et al. Antimicrobial Usage and Resistance in Makkah Region Hospitals: A Regional Point Prevalence Survey of Public Hospitals. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(1):254. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010254

Chicago/Turabian Style

Haseeb, Abdul, Hani Saleh Faidah, Manal Algethamy, Saleh Alghamdi, Ghaidaa Ali Alhazmi, Afnan Owedah Alshomrani, Bashair Rjyan Alqethami, Hind Saeed Alotibi, Maali Zayed Almutiri, Khawlah Saad Almuqati, and et al. 2022. "Antimicrobial Usage and Resistance in Makkah Region Hospitals: A Regional Point Prevalence Survey of Public Hospitals" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1: 254. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010254

APA Style

Haseeb, A., Faidah, H. S., Algethamy, M., Alghamdi, S., Alhazmi, G. A., Alshomrani, A. O., Alqethami, B. R., Alotibi, H. S., Almutiri, M. Z., Almuqati, K. S., Albishi, A. A., Elrggal, M. E., Mahrous, A. J., Khogeer, A. A., Saleem, Z., Iqbal, M. S., & Sheikh, A. (2022). Antimicrobial Usage and Resistance in Makkah Region Hospitals: A Regional Point Prevalence Survey of Public Hospitals. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(1), 254. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010254

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