Impulsivity, Emotion Regulation, Cognitive Distortions and Attentional Bias in a Spanish Sample of Gambling Disorder Patients: Comparison between Online and Land-Based Gambling
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Emotion Regulation
1.2. Impulsivity
1.3. Gambling-Related Cognitions and Attentional Bias
1.4. Aims of the Current Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Participants
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Socio-Demographic Characteristics
2.2.2. Gambling Behavior and GD Severity
2.2.3. Impulsivity
2.2.4. Gambling-Related Cognitions
2.2.5. Emotion Dysregulation
2.2.6. Attentional Bias
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic and Gambling Behavior Characteristics of the Sample
3.2. Comparison of GD Severity, Emotion Regulation, and Impulsivity Measures According to the Gambling Mode Preference
3.3. Comparison of Attentional Bias and Gambling-Related Cognitions Measures According to the Gambling Mode Preference
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions and Future Implications
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Main Type of Gambling | Online (n = 26) | Land-Based (n = 62) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | |
Slot machines | 8 | 30.77 | 44 | 70.97 |
Bingo | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1.61 |
Cards | 1 | 3.85 | 1 | 1.61 |
Roulette | 2 | 7.69 | 10 | 16.13 |
Sports betting | 13 | 50 | 4 | 6.46 |
Stock exchange | 2 | 7.69 | 0 | 0 |
Instant lottery | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3.22 |
Sociodemographic Variables | Online (n = 26) | Land-Based (n = 62) | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n/m | %/SD | n/m | %/SD | |||
Gender | Men | 21 | 80.8 | 53 | 85.5 | 0.581 |
Women | 5 | 19.2 | 9 | 14.5 | ||
Marital status | Single | 15 | 57.7 | 31 | 50 | 0.370 |
Married | 10 | 38.5 | 20 | 32.3 | ||
Separated–divorced | 1 | 3.8 | 8 | 12.9 | ||
Widow/Widower | 0 | 0 | 3 | 4.8 | ||
Educational level | Primary | 3 | 11.5 | 24 | 38.7 | 0.023 |
Secondary | 16 | 61.6 | 31 | 50 | ||
University | 7 | 26.9 | 7 | 11.3 | ||
Employment | Unemployed | 1 | 3.8 | 7 | 11.3 | 0.037 |
Employed | 21 | 80.7 | 31 | 50 | ||
Student | 1 | 3.8 | 2 | 3.2 | ||
Inability to work | 2 | 7.7 | 9 | 14.5 | ||
Retired | 1 | 3.8 | 13 | 21 | ||
Age (years-old) | 38.42 | 11.251 | 48.48 | 15.377 | 0.001 |
Online (n = 26) | Land-Based (n = 62) | ANOVA | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | MD | F-stat | p | η2p | |
GD Severity | 6.96 | 2.441 | 6.70 | 2.319 | 0.26 | 0.216 | 0.643 | 0.003 |
DERS | ||||||||
DERS Non-acceptance emotions | 15.28 | 6.43 | 17.12 | 7.24 | 1.84 | 10.209 | 0.275 | 0.014 |
DERS Goal-directed behaviors | 12.56 | 4.13 | 14.27 | 5.03 | 1.71 | 20.241 | 0.138 | 0.026 |
DERS Impulse control difficulties | 15.12 | 9.24 | 14.65 | 4.95 | 0.47 | 0.093 | 0.762 | 0.001 |
DERS Lack emotional awareness | 17.60 | 9.23 | 17.23 | 5.03 | 0.37 | 0.056 | 0.814 | 0.001 |
DERS Emotion regulation strategies | 16.84 | 6.48 | 19.33 | 8.21 | 2.49 | 10.826 | 0.180 | 0.022 |
DERS Emotional clarity | 10.20 | 3.59 | 13.70 | 10.37 | 3.50 | 20.696 | 0.104 | 0.031 |
DERS Total score | 87.60 | 24.39 | 96.47 | 27.14 | 8.87 | 10.994 | 0.162 | 0.023 |
UPPS-P | ||||||||
UPPS-P Negative urgency | 55.73 | 11.37 | 57.72 | 10.10 | 1.99 | 0.656 | 0.420 | 0.008 |
UPPS-P Lack of premeditation | 51.50 | 13.45 | 54.82 | 10.10 | 3.32 | 10.602 | 0.209 | 0.018 |
UPPS-P Lack of perseverance | 51.92 | 10.82 | 56.33 | 12.12 | 4.41 | 20.560 | 0.113 | 0.029 |
UPPS-P Sensation seeking | 45.58 | 9.08 | 45.31 | 10.137 | 0.27 | 0.013 | 0.909 | 0.000 |
UPPS-P Positive urgency | 52.65 | 10.19 | 59.13 | 11.90 | 6.48 | 50.854 | 0.018 * | 0.064 † |
UPPS-P Total score | 51.65 | 11.05 | 55.87 | 10.85 | 4.22 | 20.720 | 0.103 | 0.031 |
GRCS | ||||||||
GRCS Gambling Expectancies | 11.69 | 6.28 | 11.11 | 5.39 | 0.58 | 0.192 | 0.663 | 0.002 |
GRCS Interpretive Bias | 11.31 | 6.424 | 11.23 | 5.104 | 0.08 | 0.004 | 0.950 | 0.000 |
GRCS Illusion of control | 5.85 | 3.042 | 7.53 | 4.790 | 1.68 | 20.746 | 0.101 | 0.031 |
GRCS Predictive Control | 13.88 | 8.590 | 15.77 | 7.927 | 1.89 | 0.991 | 0.322 | 0.011 |
GRCS Inability to stop gambling | 16.77 | 8.330 | 18.27 | 7.324 | 1.5 | 0.713 | 0.401 | 0.008 |
GRCS Total score | 57.88 | 26.279 | 64.44 | 20.314 | 6.56 | 10.593 | 0.210 | 0.018 |
DPT | ||||||||
DPT Proportion correct answers | 0.9292 | 0.200 | 0.9603 | 0.053 | 0.311 | 0.916 | 0.342 | 0.015 |
DPT Congruent average latency—Category 1 | 477.83 | 131.23 | 444.30 | 95.81 | 33.53 | 10.314 | 0.256 | 0.021 |
DPT Incongruent average latency—Category 1 | 464.34 | 148.49 | 445.09 | 101.70 | 19.25 | 0.370 | 0.545 | 0.006 |
DPT Congruent average latency—Category 2 | 463.25 | 146.86 | 449.86 | 102.53 | 13.39 | 0.180 | 0.673 | 0.003 |
DPT Incongruent average latency—Category 2 | 460.66 | 138.44 | 451.22 | 101.36 | 9.44 | 0.096 | 0.758 | 0.002 |
n | % | n | % | χ2 | df | p | ||
AB_Category 1 | 9 | 42.9 | 23 | 53.5 | 0.638 | 1 | 0.424 | |
AB_Category 2 | 8 | 38.1 | 23 | 53.5 | 1.339 | 1 | 0.247 |
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Sancho, M.; Bonnaire, C.; Costa, S.; Casalé-Salayet, G.; Vera-Igual, J.; Rodríguez, R.C.; Duran-Sindreu, S.; Trujols, J. Impulsivity, Emotion Regulation, Cognitive Distortions and Attentional Bias in a Spanish Sample of Gambling Disorder Patients: Comparison between Online and Land-Based Gambling. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4869. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094869
Sancho M, Bonnaire C, Costa S, Casalé-Salayet G, Vera-Igual J, Rodríguez RC, Duran-Sindreu S, Trujols J. Impulsivity, Emotion Regulation, Cognitive Distortions and Attentional Bias in a Spanish Sample of Gambling Disorder Patients: Comparison between Online and Land-Based Gambling. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(9):4869. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094869
Chicago/Turabian StyleSancho, Marta, Céline Bonnaire, Silvia Costa, Gemma Casalé-Salayet, Javier Vera-Igual, Rita Cristina Rodríguez, Santiago Duran-Sindreu, and Joan Trujols. 2021. "Impulsivity, Emotion Regulation, Cognitive Distortions and Attentional Bias in a Spanish Sample of Gambling Disorder Patients: Comparison between Online and Land-Based Gambling" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9: 4869. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094869
APA StyleSancho, M., Bonnaire, C., Costa, S., Casalé-Salayet, G., Vera-Igual, J., Rodríguez, R. C., Duran-Sindreu, S., & Trujols, J. (2021). Impulsivity, Emotion Regulation, Cognitive Distortions and Attentional Bias in a Spanish Sample of Gambling Disorder Patients: Comparison between Online and Land-Based Gambling. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(9), 4869. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094869