Patterns and Predictors of Sitting among Women from Disad-Vantaged Neighbourhoods over Time: A 5-Year Prospective Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Describe patterns of time spent in sitting over time;
- Identify baseline sociodemographic predictors of sitting time patterns over time.
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Outcome: Weekly Sitting Time
2.2.2. Exposures: Baseline Sociodemographic and Health Characteristics
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Sensitivity Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Sample
3.2. Loss to Follow-Up
3.3. Observed Sitting Time Patterns for Demographic and Health-Related Factors
3.4. Sociodemographic and Health-Related Factors Associated with Sitting Time
3.5. Sensitivity Analyses
4. Discussion
4.1. Patterns and Predictors of Sitting
4.2. Strength and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | T1 (n = 4349) | T2 (n = 1912) | T3 (n = 1560) |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) (mean (SD)) | 34.4 (8.1) | 39.0 (7.7) | 41.2 (7.6) |
Age category n (%) | |||
18–25 years | 741 (17.4) | 121 (6.6) | 42 (2.97) |
26–35 years | 1299 (30.1) | 422 (23.1) | 307 (20.3) |
36–45 years | 2252 (52.4) | 1286 (70.3) | 1161 (76.8) |
BMI (kg/m2) (mean, SD) | 26.05 (6.0) | 26.8 (6.3) | 26.7 (6.3) |
BMI category (kg/m2) n (%) | |||
Normal (18–25) | 2153 (52.7) | 801 (43.2) | 682 (44.7) |
Overweight (2630) | 1037 (25.4) | 479 (25.9) | 323 (25.9) |
Obese (>30) | 892 (21.8) | 572 (30.9) | 439 (29.4) |
General health n (%) | |||
Excellent | 392 (9.1) | 205 (11.2) | 176 (11.7) |
Very good | 1508 (34.8) | 706 (38.2) | 581 (38.6) |
Good | 1799 (41.5) | 730 (39.5) | 571 (39.7) |
Poor or fair | 631 (14.6) | 207 (11.2) | 149 (9.9) |
Smoking n (%) | |||
Never smoked | 2183 (50.2) | 955 (51.7) | 817 (53.5) |
Used to smoke | 1066 (24.5) | 542 (29.4) | 440 (29.8) |
Smoke occasionally | 411 (9.5) | 125 (6.7) | 97 (6.5) |
Current smoker | 684 (15.8) | 225 (12.1) | 153 (10.2) |
Area of residence n (%) | |||
Urban | 2016 (46.4) | 669 (39.6) | 587 (39.7) |
Rural | 2331 (53.6) | 1020 (60.4) | 891 (60.3) |
Marital Status n (%) | |||
Married | 2829 (65.5) | 1384 (73.3) | 1122 (74.6) |
Widowed/separated/divorced | 370 (8.5) | 83 (4.5) | 67 (4.4) |
Never married | 1122 (26.0) | 413 (22.4) | 315 (20.9) |
Education level n (%) | |||
Low (did not complete high school) | 946 (22.1) | 372 (20.6) | 266 (17.7) |
Medium (completed high school) | 2216 (51.7) | 899 (48.6) | 713 (47.4) |
High (completed tertiary education) | 1120 (26.2) | 580 (30.9) | 525 (34.9) |
Employment status n (%) | |||
Working full-time | 1613 (38.1) | 739 (38.9) | 610 (39.6) |
Working part-time | 1245 (29.4) | 652 (34.4) | 576 (37.4) |
Not working | 1372 (32.4) | 505 (26.6) | 354 (22.9) |
Household gross income n (%) | |||
No income | 294 (7.4) | 125 (7.0) | 98 (6.6) |
$1–699 AUD/week | 2235 (56.5) | 885 (49.8) | 667 (45.2) |
$700–1499 AUD/week | 880 (22.2) | 485 (27.3) | 465 (31.5) |
$1500 AUD and above /week | 99 (2.5) | 103 (5.8) | 115 (7.8) |
Do not know/want to answer | 448 (11.3) | 179 (10.1) | 131 (8.9) |
Number of children n (%) | |||
None | 1678 (39.4) | 63 (5.1) | 99 (9.7) |
One | 787 (18.5) | 327 (26.3) | 270 (26.4) |
Two | 1086 (25.5) | 511 (41.2) | 403 (39.4) |
Three or more | 713 (16.7) | 340 (27.4) | 252 (24.6) |
Variables | Sitting Time (h/week) | ||
---|---|---|---|
T1 (2007–2008) | T2 (2010–2011) | T3 (2012–2013) | |
Age (years) | |||
18–25 | 44.0 (20.9) | 41.2 (20.2) | 46.3 (18.3) |
26–35 | 42.6 (22.0) | 41.7 (21.7) | 39.9 (20.1) |
36–45 | 39.2 (29.2) | 39.9 (21.4) | 40.0 (20.6) |
BMI (kg/m2) | |||
Normal (18–25) | 39.7 (21.4) | 38.8 (19.0) | 39.2 (19.9) |
Overweight (26–30) | 41.2 (21.3) | 41.9 (20.8) | 40.0 (20.1) |
Obese (>30) | 43.1 (21.9) | 43.3 (21.4) | 42.1 (20.2) |
Area of residence | |||
Urban | 43.7 (22.0) | 43.1 (21.3) | 42.3 (20.9) |
Rural | 38.6 (20.7) | 38.6 (21.3) | 38.6 (20.1) |
General health | |||
Excellent | 38.4 (20.9) | 38.0 (21.3) | 38.4 (20.0) |
Very good | 40.9 (21.4) | 39.1 (20.9) | 39.3 (19.6) |
Good | 41.4 (21.6) | 41.2 (21.2) | 40.1 (20.4) |
Poor/fair | 42.6 (21.3) | 44.9 (23.7) | 46.3 (23.5) |
Smoking | |||
Never smoked | 40.8 (21.3) | 40.1 (21.3) | 40.3 (21.2) |
Used to smoke | 40.9 (23.2) | 40.3 (20.9) | 40.7 (19.3) |
Smoke occasionally | 41.0 (21.0) | 41.2 (23.7) | 40.9 (19.2) |
Smoke regularly | 41.4 (22.3) | 41.8 (22.1) | 37.2 (20.1) |
Education | |||
Low | 38.9 (21.5) | 40.8 (22.8) | 39.1 (19.8) |
Medium | 41.4 (22.0) | 40.7 (19.3) | 39.8 (20.4) |
High | 41.9 (20.5) | 40.0 (20.3) | 41.2 (21.0) |
Employment | |||
Working full-time | 45.9 (21.2) | 43.2 (21.0) | 44.1 (20.2) |
Working part-time | 38.8 (21.6) | 38.6 (20.8) | 37.3 (19.2) |
Not working | 37.2 (20.8) | 38.5 (20.3) | 37.8 (21.9) |
Average gross household income | |||
None | 36.0 (21.6) | 37.9 (21.8) | 37.4 (21.7) |
$1–699 AUD/week | 39.8 (21.4) | 39.2 (21.5) | 37.0 (18.7) |
$700–1499 AUD/week | 45.8 (20.6) | 44.1 (20.2) | 44.1 (20.8) |
$1500 AUD and above/week | 54.1 (20.9) | 45.1 (20.6) | 48.6 (20.6) |
Don’t know/want to answer | 40.4 (21.8) | 38.8 (22.2) | 36.7 (20.3) |
Marital status | |||
Married | 39.4 (21.2) | 39.3 (21.4) | 39.5 (20.5) |
Separated/divorced/widowed | 39.3 (21.7) | 38.1 (20.2) | 35.4 (19.4) |
Never married | 46.8 (21.3) | 44.8 (21.4) | 45.0 (20.4) |
Number of children | |||
None | 46.8 (20.9) | 47.2 (21.9) | 41.8 (22.7) |
One | 39.7 (22.0) | 38.8 (21.4) | 37.6 (19.6) |
Two | 37.3 (21.1) | 37.2 (21.4) | 37.3 (19.9) |
Three or more | 34.7 (19.5) | 34.9 (19.8) | 35.1 (19.5) |
Unadjusted Model | Adjusted Model | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | β-Coefficient (95% CI) | p-Value | β-Coefficient (95% CI) | p-Value | |||
Age category a | Baseline difference | ||||||
18–25 years | Ref | Ref | |||||
26–35 years | −1.3 | (−3.9, 0.8) | 0.216 | −0.4 | (−2.5, 1.6) | 0.694 | |
36–45 years | −4.5 | (−6.4, −2.6) | <0.001 | −1.3 | (−3.2, −0.7) | 0.214 | |
Average change per year | −0.3 | (−1.0, 0.3) | 0.312 | −0.3 | (−0.9, 0.3) | 0.328 | |
18–25 years | |||||||
26–35 years | −0.3 | (−1.1, 0.4) | 0.382 | −0.2 | (−1.0, 0.5) | 0.499 | |
36–45 years | 0.5 | (−0.2, 1.2) | 0.164 | 0.5 | (−0.2, 1.1) | 0.166 | |
BMI b | Baseline difference | ||||||
Normal | Ref | Ref | |||||
Overweight (26–30) | 1.8 | (0.1, 3.4) | 0.038 | 2.0 | (0.6, 3.8) | 0.008 | |
Obese (>30) | 3.3 | (1.6, 5.1) | <0.001 | 3.3 | (1.5, 5.1) | <0.001 | |
Average change per year | 0.0 | (−0.3, 0.3) | 0.963 | 0.1 | (−0.2, 0.4) | 0.495 | |
Normal | |||||||
Overweight | −0.3 | (−0.8, 0.3) | 0.302 | −0.3 | (−0.8, 0.2) | 0.194 | |
Obese (>30) | −0.4 | (−0.9, 0.2) | 0.178 | −0.4 | (−1.0, 0.1) | 0.131 | |
Area of Residence c | Baseline difference | ||||||
Urban | Ref | Ref | |||||
Rural | −5.1 | (−6.4, −3.7) | <0.001 | −3.5 | (−4.9, −2.2) | <0.001 | |
Average change per year | −0.2 | (−0.6, 0.1) | 0.174 | −0.2 | (−0.5, 0.1) | 0.217 | |
Urban | |||||||
Rural | 0.2 | (−0.2, 0.6) | 0.322 | 0.2 | (−0.2, 0.7) | 0.279 | |
General | Baseline difference | ||||||
Health d | Excellent | Ref | Ref | ||||
Very good | 1.7 | (−0.7, 4.3) | 0.174 | 0.8 | (−1.6, 3.2) | 0.541 | |
Good | 2.8 | (0.3, 5.2) | 0.020 | 1.1 | (−1.3, 3.6) | 0.350 | |
Poor/fair | 4.5 | (1.6, 7.3) | 0.002 | 1.7 | (−1.2, 4.7) | 0.238 | |
Average change per year | −0.1 | (−0.8, 0.5) | 0.678 | −0.1 | (−0.6, 0.7) | 0.961 | |
Excellent | |||||||
Very good | 0.1 | (−0.7, 0.8) | 0.833 | 0.0 | (−0.7, 0.8) | 0.900 | |
Good | −0.2 | (−0.9, 0.5) | 0.580 | −0.3 | (−1.0, 0.5) | 0.475 | |
Poor/fair | 0.4 | (−0.5, 1.2) | 0.363 | 0.3 | (−0.6, 1.1) | 0.488 | |
Smoking | Baseline difference | ||||||
Status e | No smoking | Ref | Ref | ||||
Used to smoke | 0.0 | (−1.6, 1.7) | 0.956 | 1.0 | (−0.6, 2.7) | 0.213 | |
Smoke occasionally | 0.1 | (−2.3, 2.5) | 0.958 | −0.8 | (−3.1, 1.6) | 0.511 | |
Smoke regularly | 1.1 | (−0.8, 3.1) | 0.256 | 1.1 | (−0.9, 3.1) | 0.297 | |
Average change per year | −0.1 | (−0.4, 0.2) | 0.410 | 0.0 | (−0.3, 0.3) | 0.962 | |
No smoking | |||||||
Used to smoke | 0.0 | (−0.5, 0.5) | 0.918 | 0.0 | (−0.5, 0.5) | 0.896 | |
Smoke occasionally | 0.3 | (−0.5, 1.1) | 0.407 | 0.3 | (−0.5, 1.1) | 0.488 | |
Smoke regularly | −0.5 | (−1.1, 0.2) | 0.170 | −0.5 | (−1.2, 0.1) | 0.102 | |
Education | Baseline difference | ||||||
Status f | Low | Ref | Ref | ||||
Medium | 1.9 | (0.1, 3.6) | 0.035 | 0.2 | (−1.5, 1.9) | 0.813 | |
High | 2.2 | (0.3, 4.2) | 0.025 | 0.0 | (−1.9, 2.0) | 0.986 | |
Average change per year | 0.0 | (−0.5, 0.4) | 0.914 | 0.0 | (−0.5, 0.4) | 0.891 | |
Low | |||||||
Medium | −0.2 | (−0.8, 0.3) | 0.380 | −0.1 | (−0.7, 0.4) | 0.617 | |
High | 0.0 | (−0.6, 0.5) | 0.913 | 0.1 | (−0.5, 0.7) | 0.781 | |
Employment | Baseline difference | ||||||
Status g | Full-time | Ref | Ref | ||||
Working part-time | −6.4 | (−8.1, −4.8) | <0.001 | −5.1 | (−6.7, −3.4) | <0.001 | |
Not working | −8.4 | (−10.0, −6.8) | <0.001 | −7.6 | (−9.2, −6.0) | <0.001 | |
Average change per year | −0.5 | (−0.8, −0.1) | 0.006 | −0.4 | (−0.7, −0.05) | 0.023 | |
Full-time | |||||||
Working part-time | 0.4 | (−0.1, 0.9) | 0.083 | 0.4 | (−0.04, 1.01) | 0.146 | |
Not working | 0.6 | (0.05, 1.1) | 0.026 | 0.5 | (0.05, 1.1) | 0.031 | |
Average Gross Income h | Baseline difference | ||||||
Nil | Ref | Ref | |||||
$1–699 AUD/week | 2.9 | (0.5, 5.3) | 0.017 | 1.8 | (−0.6, 4.2) | 0.503 | |
$700–1499 AUD/week | 8.5 | (5.8, 11.3) | <0.001 | 6.3 | (3.5, 9.0) | 0.002 | |
$1500 AUD and above/week | 16.5 | (11.6, 21.3) | <0.001 | 14.4 | (9.7, 19.2) | <0.001 | |
Don’t know/want to answer | 3.2 | (0.1, 6.3) | 0.042 | 1.6 | (−1.4, 4.7) | 0.736 | |
Average change per year | −0.3 | (−0.9, 0.4) | 0.386 | −0.1 | (−0.7, 0.6) | 0.960 | |
Nil | |||||||
$1–699 AUD/week | 0.3 | (−0.4, 1.0) | 0.414 | 0.2 | (−0.5, 0.9) | 0.633 | |
$700–1499 AUD/week | −0.1 | (−0.9, 0.7) | 0.744 | −0.3 | (−1.1, 0.5) | 0.771 | |
$1500 AUD and above/week | −1.2 | (−2.6, 0.2) | 0.104 | −1.3 | (−2.7, 0.1) | 0.267 | |
Don’t know/want to answer | −0.5 | (−1.4, 0.6) | 0.343 | −0.7 | (−1.7, 0.3) | 0.186 | |
Marital Status i | Baseline difference | ||||||
Married | Ref | Ref | |||||
Separated/divorced/widowed | 0.1 | (−2.3, 2.6) | 0.915 | −0.3 | (−2.7, 2.1) | 0.819 | |
Never married | 7.4 | (5.8, 9.0) | <0.001 | 4.8 | (2.9, 6.5) | <0.001 | |
Average change per year | −0.1 | (−0.3, 0.1) | 0.382 | −0.1 | (−0.3, 0.2) | 0.542 | |
Married | |||||||
Separated/divorced/widowed | 0.4 | (−0.4, 1.2) | 0.291 | 0.4 | (−0.4, 1.2) | 0.357 | |
Never married | −0.1 | (−0.6, 0.4) | 0.696 | −0.2 | (−0.8, 0.3) | 0.503 | |
Number of Children j | Baseline difference | ||||||
No children | Ref | Ref | |||||
One | −6.3 | (−8.5, −4.7) | <0.001 | −3.7 | (−5.7, −1.7) | <0.001 | |
Two | −9.1 | (−10.8, −7.4) | <0.001 | −5.5 | (−7.3, −3.6) | <0.001 | |
Three or more | −11.8 | (−13.7, −9.8) | <0.001 | −7.4 | (−9.5, −5.3) | <0.001 | |
Average change per year | −0.7 | (−1.1, −0.4) | <0.001 | −0.6 | (−1.1, −0.3) | 0.001 | |
No children | |||||||
One | 0.5 | (−0.1, 1.1) | 0.114 | 0.5 | (−0.1, 1.1) | 0.102 | |
Two | 0.9 | (0.3, 1.4) | 0.001 | 1.0 | (0.4, 1.5) | <0.001 | |
Three or more | 1.5 | (0.9, 2.1) | <0.001 | 1.5 | (0.9, 2.1) | <0.001 |
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Nayak, M.; Wills, K.; Teychenne, M.; Salmon, J.; Cleland, V. Patterns and Predictors of Sitting among Women from Disad-Vantaged Neighbourhoods over Time: A 5-Year Prospective Cohort Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4625. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094625
Nayak M, Wills K, Teychenne M, Salmon J, Cleland V. Patterns and Predictors of Sitting among Women from Disad-Vantaged Neighbourhoods over Time: A 5-Year Prospective Cohort Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(9):4625. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094625
Chicago/Turabian StyleNayak, Minakshi, Karen Wills, Megan Teychenne, Jo Salmon, and Verity Cleland. 2021. "Patterns and Predictors of Sitting among Women from Disad-Vantaged Neighbourhoods over Time: A 5-Year Prospective Cohort Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9: 4625. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094625