Changes in Multimorbidity and Polypharmacy Patterns in Young and Adult Population over a 4-Year Period: A 2011–2015 Comparison Using Real-World Data
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design, Study Population, and Variables
2.2. Statistical Analyses
2.3. Differences in the Clinical Patterns Evaluation Process
3. Results
3.1. Comparison of Multimorbidity and Polypharmacy Patterns
3.1.1. Girls Aged 0–14 Years
3.1.2. Women Aged 15–44 Years
3.1.3. Women Aged 45–65 Years
3.1.4. Boys Aged 0–14 Years
3.1.5. Men Aged 15–44 Years
3.1.6. Men Aged 45–65 Years
4. Discussion
4.1. Comparison with Other Studies
4.2. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Subjects’ Characteristics | 0–14 Years | 15–44 Years | 45–65 Years | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women | 2011 | 2015 | p Value | 2011 | 2015 | p Value | 2011 | 2015 | p Value |
DEMOGRAPHIC | |||||||||
Population (N) | 72,940 | 78,534 | 245,171 | 205,122 | 170,584 | 168,587 | |||
Age (mean (SD)) | 7.79 (3.71) | 7.03 (4.21) | <0.001 | 31.57 (8.21) | 31.71 (8.45) | <0.001 | 54.23 (6.03) | 54.43 (5.96) | <0.001 |
Area of living (n (%)) | 0.001 a | <0.001 a | <0.001 a | ||||||
Urban | 43,911 (60.20%) | 46,649 (59.40%) | 155,773 (63.54%) | 127,450 (62.13%) | 109,249 (64.04%) | 106,244 (63.02%) | |||
Rural | 29,008 (39.77%) | 31,885 (40.60%) | 89,252 (36.40%) | 77,672 (37.87%) | 61,279 (35.92%) | 62,343 (36.98%) | |||
Unknown | 21 (0.03%) | - | 146 (0.06%) | - | 56 (0.03%) | ||||
Immigrant status (n (%)) | 0.032 a | <0.001 a | <0.001 a | ||||||
Native | 61,997 (85.00%) | 67,740 (86.26%) | 199,026 (81.18%) | 168,839 (82.31%) | 159,239 (93.35%) | 156,311 (92.72%) | |||
Immigrant | 10,168 (13.94%) | 10,761 (13.70%) | 46,100 (18.80%) | 36,277 (17.69%) | 11,331 (6.64%) | 12,275 (7.28%) | |||
Unknown | 775 (1.06%) | 33 (0.04%) | 45 (0.02%) | 6 (0.00%) | 14 (0.01%) | 1 (0.00%) | |||
Deprivation index (n (%)) b | <0.001 a | <0.001 a | 0.007 a | ||||||
Q1 | 20,305 (27.84%) | 22,448 (28.58%) | 69,079 (28.18%) | 55,733 (27.17%) | 44,754 (26.24%) | 43,546 (25.83%) | |||
Q2 | 18,719 (25.66%) | 19,019 (24.22%) | 60,847 (24.82%) | 50,671 (24.70%) | 43,587 (25.55%) | 43,732 (25.94%) | |||
Q3 | 14,137 (19.38%) | 15,556 (19.81%) | 48,256 (19.68%) | 41,415 (20.19%) | 35,696 (20.93%) | 35,040 (20.78%) | |||
Q4 | 19,743 (27.07%) | 21,511 (27.39%) | 66,913 (27.29%) | 57,303 (27.94%) | 46,512 (27.27%) | 46,269 (27.45%) | |||
Unknown | 36 (0.05%) | - | 76 (0.03%) | - | 35 (0.02%) | - | |||
CLINICAL | |||||||||
Number of chronic diseases e | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
mean (SD) | 0.67 (0.92) | 1.00 (1.05) | 0.89 (1.24) | 1.47 (1.47) | 2.28 (2.18) | 3.06 (2.34) | |||
median (P25; P75) | 0 (0; 1) | 1 (0; 2) | 0 (0; 1) | 1 (0; 2) | 2 (1; 3) | 3 (1; 4) | |||
Multimorbidity (n (%)) c | 11,525 (15.80%) | 20,022 (25.49%) | <0.001 | 56,798 (23.17%) | 80,521 (39.26%) | <0.001 | 95,722 (56.11%) | 120,101 (71.24%) | <0.001 |
Number of drugsd,e | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
mean (SD) | 2.40 (2.42) | 2.16 (2.09) | 2.80 (3.12) | 2.67 (2.71) | 5.13 (4.66) | 4.34 (3.75) | |||
median (P25; P75) | 2 (0; 4) | 2 (0; 3) | 2 (0; 4) | 2 (0; 4) | 4 (1; 8) | 4 (1; 6) |
Subjects’ Characteristics | 0–14 Years | 15–44 Years | 45–65 Years | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | 2011 | 2015 | p Value | 2011 | 2015 | p Value | 2011 | 2015 | p Value |
DEMOGRAPHIC | |||||||||
Population (N) | 77,391 | 82,893 | 260,915 | 190,658 | 173,389 | 161,778 | |||
Age (mean (SD)) | 7.82 (3.72) | 7.04 (4.21) | <0.001 | 31.68 (8.18) | 31.54 (8.67) | 0,768 | 54.00 (6.01) | 54.36 (5.93) | <0.001 |
Area of living (n (%)) | <0.001 a | <0.001 a | <0.001 a | ||||||
Urban | 46,346 (59.89%) | 48,943 (59.04%) | 160,106 (61.36%) | 113,262 (59.41%) | 102,994 (59.40%) | 94,223 (58.24%) | |||
Rural | 31,022 (40.08%) | 33,950 (40.96%) | 100,728 (38.61%) | 77,396 (40.59%) | 70,349 (40.57%) | 67,555 (41.76%) | |||
Unknown | 23 (0.03%) | - | 81 (0.03%) | - | 46 (0.03%) | ||||
Immigrant status (n (%)) | <0.001 a | <0.001 a | <0.001 a | ||||||
Native | 65,525 (84.67%) | 71,506 (86.26%) | 206,631 (79.19%) | 160,073 (83.96%) | 159,095 (91.76%) | 149,258 (92.26%) | |||
Immigrant | 11,040 (14.27%) | 11,357 (13.70%) | 54,219 (20.78%) | 30,577 (16.04%) | 14,292 (8.24%) | 12,519 (7.74%) | |||
Unknown | 826 (1.07%) | 30 (0.04%) | 65 (0.02%) | 8 (0.00%) | 2 (0.00%) | 1 (0.00%) | |||
Deprivation index (n (%)) b | <0.001 a | <0.001 a | 0.011 a | ||||||
Q1 | 21,455 (27.72%) | 23,695 (28.59%) | 69,997 (26.83%) | 49,759 (26.10%) | 43,513 (25.10%) | 40,042 (24.75%) | |||
Q2 | 19,695 (25.45%) | 19,725 (23.80%) | 64,037 (24.54%) | 46,709 (24.50%) | 44,237 (25.51%) | 41,522 (25.67%) | |||
Q3 | 15,168 (19.60%) | 16,465 (19.86%) | 52,872 (20.26%) | 39,962 (20.96%) | 37,330 (21.53%) | 34,511 (21.33%) | |||
Q4 | 21,052 (27.20%) | 23,008 (27.76%) | 73,953 (28.34%) | 54,228 (28.44%) | 48,285 (27.85%) | 45,703 (28.25%) | |||
Unknown | 21 (0.03%) | - | 56 (0.02%) | - | 24 (0.01%) | - | |||
CLINICAL | |||||||||
Number of chronic diseases e | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
mean (SD) | 0.76 (0.99) | 1.12 (1.11) | 0.62 (1.01) | 1.14 (1.24) | 1.70 (1.94) | 2.48 (2.12) | |||
median (P25; P75) | 0 (0; 1) | 1 (0; 2) | 0 (0; 1) | 1 (0; 2) | 1 (0; 3) | 2 (1; 3) | |||
Multimorbidity (n (%)) c | 14,748 (19.06%) | 24,386 (29.42%) | <0.001 | 38,788 (14.87%) | 55,704 (29.22%) | <0.001 | 75,251 (43.40%) | 99,176 (61.30%) | <0.001 |
Number of drugsd,e | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
mean (SD) | 2.50 (2.50) | 2.27 (2.20) | 1.71 (2.34) | 1.78 (2.10) | 3.53 (3.88) | 3.42 (3.32) | |||
median (P25; P75) | 2 (0; 4) | 2 (0; 3) | 1 (0; 3) | 1 (0; 3) | 2 (0; 5) | 3 (1; 5) |
Gender | 0–14 Years | 15–44 Years | 45–65 Years | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2011 | 2015 | 2011 | 2015 | 2011 | 2015 | |
Women | Allergic–Derma | Respiratory–Acute Infection | Mechanical Pain | Mental Health | Mental Health | Mental Health |
Respiratory-Asthma–Acute Infection | Respiratory–Asthma–Allergic | Respiratory | Respiratory | Respiratory | Respiratory | |
Allergic | Mental Health | Mental Health | Endocrinological | Cardiometabolic | Cardiometabolic | |
Mental Health | Endocrinological | Osteometabolic | Osteometabolic | |||
Men | Allergic–Derma | Respiratory–Acute Infection | Mental Health–Pain | Mental Health | Respiratory | Mental Health |
Respiratory–Asthma–Acute Infection | Respiratory–Asthma–Allergic | Respiratory–Allergic | Mechanical Pain | Cardiometabolic | Cardiometabolic | |
Allergic | Mental Health | Cardiometabolic | Respiratory | Mental Health | Respiratory | |
Mental Health | Derma |
Year 2011 | Prevalences | Values | Year 2015 | Prevalences | Values | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0–14 years | |||||||
FACTOR 1: ALLERGIC/DERMA | Prev (%) | Values | FACTOR 1: RESPIRATORY/ACUTE INFECTION | Prev (%) | Values | ||
M01A | Anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic products, non-steroids | 38.65 | 0.6462 | H02A | Corticosteroids for systemic use, pain | 9.40 | 0.6427 |
J01C | Beta-lactam antibacterials, penicillins | 34.11 | 0.6454 | RES02 | Acute lower respiratory tract infection | 11.06 | 0.6355 |
N02B | Other analgesics and antipyretics | 17.85 | 0.5855 | R03A | Adrenergics, inhalants | 10.68 | 0.6224 |
R05C | Expectorants, excl. combinations with cough suppressants | 22.57 | 0.5845 | J01C | Beta-lactam antibacterials, penicillins | 33.57 | 0.5882 |
R05D | Cough suppressants, excl, combinations with expectorants | 22.14 | 0.5616 | N02B | Other analgesics and antipyretics | 22.57 | 0.5116 |
J01D | Other beta-lactam antibacterials | 5.30 | 0.4862 | J01F | Macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramins | 8.76 | 0.4816 |
S01A | Anti-infectives | 6.86 | 0.4411 | N05B | Anxiolytics | 3.64 | 0.4570 |
J01F | Macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins | 8.24 | 0.4225 | S01A | Anti-infectives | 9.63 | 0.4271 |
D07A | Corticosteroids, plain | 7.87 | 0.4198 | M01A | Anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic products, non-steroids | 34.45 | 0.4174 |
A03F | Propulsives | 2.04 | 0.3905 | D07A | Corticosteroids, plain | 8.05 | 0.4097 |
D01A | Antifungals for topical use | 3.44 | 0.3817 | D01A | Antifungals for topical use | 3.97 | 0.3684 |
N05B | Anxiolytics | 3.71 | 0.3750 | A07C | Electrolytes with carbohydrates | 4.15 | 0.3648 |
D06A | Antibiotics for topical use | 4.34 | 0.3681 | D06A | Antibiotics for topical use | 5.07 | 0.3583 |
SKN02 | Dermatitis and eczema | 18.13 | 0.2929 | ||||
FACTOR 2: RESPIRATORY/ASTHMA/ ACUTE INFECTION | Prev (%) | Values | FACTOR 2: RESPIRATORY/ASTHMA/ ALLERGIC | Prev (%) | Values | ||
H02A | Corticosteroids for systemic use, plain | 6.93 | 0.4682 | R06A | Antihistamines for systemic use | 13.63 | 0.6105 |
R03A | Adrenergics, inhalants | 7.50 | 0.8946 | ALL03 | Allergic rhinitis | 4.23 | 0.7546 |
RES02 | Acute lower respiratory tract infection | 8.21 | 0.7506 | S01G | Decongestants and antiallergics | 2.68 | 0.7419 |
ASMA | Asthma | 6.25 | 0.6038 | R01A | Decongestants and other nasal preparations for topical use | 3.90 | 0.6744 |
ASMA | Asthma | 7.18 | 0.3489 | ||||
FACTOR 3: ALLERGIC | Prev (%) | Values | |||||
R06A | Antihistamines for systemic use | 10.50 | 0.5823 | ||||
ALL03 | Allergic rhinitis | 2.90 | 0.8316 | ||||
S01G | Decongestants and antiallergics | 1.92 | 0.7065 | ||||
R01A | Decongestants and other nasal preparations for topical use | 3.03 | 0.6528 | ||||
FACTOR 4: MENTAL HEALTH | Prev (%) | Values | FACTOR 3: MENTAL HEALTH | Prev (%) | Values | ||
N06B | Psychostimulants, agents used for ADHD and nootropics | 0.89 | 0.7123 | N03A | Antiepileptics | 0.36 | 0.6693 |
N03A | Antiepileptics | 0.36 | 0.6379 | N06B | Psychostimulants, agents used for ADHD and nootropics | 0.74 | 0.5403 |
NUR19 | Developmental disorder | 1.19 | 0.6150 | NUR19 | Developmental disorder | 2.15 | 0.3793 |
PSY14 | Psychosocial disorders of childhood | 3.40 | 0.3113 | A02B | Drugs for peptic ulcers and GERD | 0.69 | 0.3761 |
PSY14 | Psychosocial disorders of childhood | 5.36 | 0.3287 | ||||
15–44 years | |||||||
FACTOR 1: MECHANICAL PAIN | Prev (%) | Values | |||||
M01A | Anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic products, non-steroids | 30.97 | 0.7664 | ||||
M03B | Muscle relaxants, centrally acting agents | 4.08 | 0.5416 | ||||
A02B | Drugs for peptic ulcer and GERD | 10.67 | 0.5046 | ||||
N02B | Other analgesics and antipyretics | 19.65 | 0.5007 | ||||
M02A | Topical products for joint and muscular pain | 3.80 | 0.4578 | ||||
N02A | Opioids | 2.68 | 0.4304 | ||||
J01C | Beta-lactam antibacterials, penicillins | 19.96 | 0.3998 | ||||
MUS14 | Low back pain | 4.20 | 0.3607 | ||||
R05D | Cough suppressants, excl. combinations with expectorants | 9.30 | 0.3497 | ||||
A03F | Propulsives | 4.27 | 0.3157 | ||||
FACTOR 2: RESPIRATORY | Prev (%) | Values | FACTOR 1: RESPIRATORY | Prev (%) | Values | ||
R05C | Expectorants, excl. combinations with cough suppressants | 14.62 | 0.4734 | M01A | Anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic products, non-steroids | 30.85 | 0.3224 |
J01F | Macrolides. lincosamides and streptogramins | 7.94 | 0.3563 | R06A | Antihistamines for systemic use | 14.83 | 0.8167 |
S01C | Anti-inflammatory agents and anti-infectives in combination | 2.15 | 0.9123 | R03A | Adrenergics, inhalants | 5.24 | 0.7087 |
R03A | Adrenergics, inhalants | 3.95 | 0.8991 | R01A | Decongestants and other nasal reparations for topical use | 8.50 | 0.6800 |
ASMA | Asthma | 4.15 | 0.6915 | S01G | Decongestants and antiallergics | 3.10 | 0.6329 |
R06A | Antihistamines for systemic use | 11.12 | 0.6647 | ASMA | Asthma | 6.67 | 0.4935 |
R01A | Decongestants and other nasal preparations for topical use | 6.37 | 0.5650 | RES02 | Acute lower respiratory tract infection | 2.38 | 0.4617 |
RES02 | Acute lower respiratory tract infection | 2.25 | 0.5564 | ALL03 | Allergic rhinitis | 12.64 | 0.4243 |
ALL03 | Allergic rhinitis | 7.27 | 0.3956 | H02A | Corticosteroids for systemic use. plain | 3.30 | 0.4065 |
H02A | Corticosteroids for systemic use, plain | 2.35 | 0.3574 | J01F | Macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins | 9.55 | 0.3837 |
J01C | Beta-lactam antibacterials, penicillins | 21.02 | 0.3651 | ||||
J01M | Quinolone antibacterials | 3.64 | 0.3413 | ||||
J01D | Other beta-lactam antibacterials | 3.42 | 0.3320 | ||||
N02B | Other analgesics and antipyretics | 20.89 | 0.3169 | ||||
D07A | Corticosteroids, plain | 5.54 | 0.3086 | ||||
FACTOR 3: MENTAL HEALTH | Prev (%) | Values | FACTOR 2: MENTAL HEALTH | Prev (%) | Values | ||
N06A | Antidepressants | 6.10 | 0.9314 | N06A | Antidepressants | 6.95 | 0.8600 |
N05B | Anxiolytics | 8.86 | 0.7156 | N03A | Antiepileptics | 2.75 | 0.7610 |
N03A | Antiepileptics | 2.22 | 0.6426 | N05B | Anxiolytics | 11.11 | 0.7584 |
PSY09 | Depression | 4.55 | 0.6301 | N05A | Antipsychotics | 2.03 | 0.5738 |
N05A | Antipsychotics | 1.83 | 0.5151 | PSY09 | Depression | 6.76 | 0.5535 |
PSY01 | Anxiety, neuroses | 2.65 | 0.4704 | A02B | Drugs for peptic ulcers and GERD | 10.42 | 0.4688 |
N02C | Antimigraine preparations | 1.48 | 0.2683 | N02A | Opioids | 3.83 | 0.4575 |
PSY01 | Anxiety, neuroses | 4.89 | 0.4333 | ||||
PSY19 | Sleep disorders of nonorganic origin | 3.65 | 0.3776 | ||||
N02C | Antimigraine preparations | 1.74 | 0.3742 | ||||
NUR21 | Neurologic disorders, other | 2.33 | 0.3556 | ||||
NUR03 | Peripheral neuropathy, neuritis | 2.60 | 0.3093 | ||||
FACTOR 4: ENDOCRINOLOGICAL | Prev (%) | Values | FACTOR 3: ENDOCRINOLOGICAL | Prev (%) | Values | ||
B03A | Iron preparations | 7.73 | 0.9181 | B03A | Iron preparations | 8.97 | 0.7959 |
H03C | Iodine therapy | 4.24 | 0.7731 | H03C | Iodine therapy | 5.61 | 0.6469 |
HEM02 | Iron deficiency, other deficiency anemias | 4.10 | 0.5908 | HEM02 | Iron deficiency, other deficiency anemias | 6.18 | 0.5369 |
B03B | Vitamin B12 and folic acid | 3.53 | 0.5032 | B03B | Vitamin B12 and folic acid | 3.99 | 0.4798 |
G03A | Hormonal contraceptives for systemic use | 3.03 | 0.3399 | H03A | Thyroid preparations | 4.30 | 0.4306 |
C05C | Capillary stabilizing agents | 3.02 | 0.2817 | END04 | Hypothyroidism | 6.29 | 0.3658 |
45–65 years | |||||||
FACTOR 1: MENTAL HEALTH | Prev (%) | Values | FACTOR 1: MENTAL HEALTH | Prev (%) | Values | ||
N06A | Antidepressants | 16.63 | 0.8254 | N06A | Antidepressants | 18.21 | 0.8980 |
N05B | Anxiolytics | 22.35 | 0.7021 | N05B | Anxiolytics | 24.67 | 0.6682 |
N03A | Antiepileptics | 5.70 | 0.5976 | PSY09 | Depression | 16.81 | 0.6131 |
N05C | Hypnotics and sedatives | 6.12 | 0.5944 | N05C | Hypnotics and sedatives | 6.08 | 0.5592 |
PSY09 | Depression | 12.93 | 0.5871 | N03A | Antiepileptics | 7.01 | 0.5406 |
N02A | Opioids | 8.24 | 0.4676 | PSY01 | Anxiety, neuroses | 6.70 | 0.4116 |
A02B | Drugs for peptic ulcer and GERD | 30.90 | 0.4483 | N02A | Opioids | 10.24 | 0.3805 |
PSY01 | Anxiety, neuroses | 4.13 | 0.4187 | PSY19 | Sleep disorders of nonorganic origin | 10.29 | 0.3618 |
PSY19 | Sleep disorders of nonorganic origin | 6.54 | 0.4111 | A02B | Drugs for peptic ulcers and GERD | 29.06 | 0.3379 |
M01A | Anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic products, non-steroids | 46.56 | 0.4095 | ||||
A03F | Propulsives | 6.28 | 0.3674 | ||||
M03B | Muscle relaxants, centrally acting agents | 7.11 | 0.3614 | ||||
MUS13 | Cervical pain syndromes | 2.38 | 0.3128 | ||||
MUS14 | Low back pain | 7.52 | 0.2733 | ||||
NUR21 | Neurologic disorders, other | 3.57 | 0.2617 | ||||
NUR03 | Peripheral neuropathy, neuritis | 4.59 | 0.2524 | ||||
FACTOR 2: RESPIRATORY | Prev (%) | Values | FACTOR 2: RESPIRATORY | Prev (%) | Values | ||
N02B | Other analgesics and antipyretics | 30.15 | 0.3050 | R03A | Adrenergics, inhalants | 7.93 | 0.7548 |
R03A | Adrenergics, inhalants | 6.21 | 0.8711 | R06A | Antihistamines for systemic use | 16.74 | 0.7487 |
R05C | Expectorants, excl. combinations with cough suppressants | 20.41 | 0.7092 | R01A | Decongestants and other nasal preparations for topical use | 8.22 | 0.6301 |
RES02 | Acute lower respiratory tract infection | 4.46 | 0.7032 | ASMA | Asthma | 6.38 | 0.5872 |
R06A | Antihistamines for systemic use | 13.51 | 0.6205 | H02A | Corticosteroids for systemic use, pain | 6.77 | 0.4867 |
ASMA | Asthma | 4.45 | 0.5862 | J01F | Macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramins | 10.82 | 0.4468 |
R01A | Decongestants and other nasal preparations for topical use | 7.03 | 0.5761 | J01M | Quinolone antibacterials | 6.61 | 0.4313 |
J01F | Macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramins | 9.29 | 0.5400 | ALL03 | Allergic rhinitis | 10.50 | 0.4032 |
J01M | Quinolone antibacterials | 6.42 | 0.5128 | J01C | Beta-lactam antibacterials, penicillins | 17.97 | 0.3853 |
H02A | Corticosteroids for systemic use, plain | 5.25 | 0.5007 | N02B | Other analgesics and antipyretics | 29.09 | 0.3269 |
J01C | Beta-lactam antibacterials, penicillins | 17.98 | 0.4622 | ||||
R05D | Cough suppressants, excl. combinations with expectorants | 11.74 | 0.4230 | ||||
ALL03 | Allergic rhinitis | 6.33 | 0.2741 | ||||
FACTOR 3: CARDIOMETABOLIC | Prev (%) | Values | FACTOR 3: CARDIOMETABOLIC | Prev (%) | Values | ||
DIAB | Diabetes | 4.99 | 0.7288 | HTA | Hypertension | 20.49 | 0.9601 |
HTA | Hypertension | 19.06 | 0.6791 | C09A | ACE inhibitors, plain | 5.06 | 0.7041 |
NUT03 | Obesity | 9.00 | 0.6258 | DIAB | Diabetes | 5.58 | 0.5854 |
B01A | Antithrombotic agents | 6.49 | 0.4258 | NUT03 | Obesity | 11.62 | 0.5014 |
CAR11 | Disorders of lipid metabolism | 23.70 | 0.3817 | B01A | Antithrombotic agents | 6.51 | 0.3699 |
ARTRITIS | Degenerative joint disease | 11.66 | 0.3318 | CAR11 | Disorders of lipid metabolism | 32.89 | 0.2951 |
C05C | Capillary stabilizing agents | 9.78 | 0.2882 | ||||
EYE08 | Glaucoma | 2.93 | 0.2823 | ||||
GSU08 | Varicose veins of lower extremities | 15.78 | 0.2771 | ||||
FACTOR 4: OSTEOMETABOLIC | Prev (%) | Values | FACTOR 4: OSTEOMETABOLIC | Prev (%) | Values | ||
M05B | Drugs affecting bone structure and mineralization | 6.29 | 0.9690 | A12A | Calcium | 6.10 | 0.8032 |
A12A | Calcium | 8.96 | 0.8944 | END02 | Osteoporosis | 8.98 | 0.7869 |
END02 | Osteoporosis | 9.45 | 0.8609 |
Year 2011 | Year 2015 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0–14 years | |||||||
FACTOR 1: ALLERGIC/DERMA | Prev (%) | Values | FACTOR 1: RESPIRATORY/ACUTE INFECTION | Prev (%) | Values | ||
J01C | Beta-lactam antibacterials, penicillins | 34.08 | 0.6579 | H02A | Corticosteroids for systemic use, pain | 11.77 | 0.6877 |
M01A | Anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic products, non-steroids | 38.23 | 0.6372 | RES02 | Acute lower respiratory tract infection | 13.69 | 0.6748 |
N02B | Other analgesics and antipyretics | 17.98 | 0.6097 | R03A | Adrenergics, inhalants | 13.79 | 0.6683 |
R05C | Expectorants, excl. combinations with cough suppressants | 22.80 | 0.5800 | J01C | Beta-lactam antibacterials, penicillins | 33.48 | 0.5854 |
R05D | Cough suppressants, excl. combinations with expectorants | 22.40 | 0.5611 | R03B | Other drugs for obstructive airway diseases, inhalants | 4.05 | 0.5520 |
J01D | Other beta-lactam antibacterials | 4.75 | 0.4832 | N02B | Other analgesics and antipyretics | 22.76 | 0.5332 |
S01A | Anti-infectives | 6.97 | 0.4410 | J01F | Macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramins | 8.83 | 0.5120 |
A07C | Electrolytes with carbohydrates | 3.12 | 0.4302 | N05B | Anxiolytics | 3.49 | 0.4556 |
D07A | Corticosteroids, plain | 9.50 | 0.4195 | S01A | Anti-infective | 9.79 | 0.4545 |
J01F | Macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramins | 8.42 | 0.4027 | D07A | Corticosteroids, plain | 9.67 | 0.4018 |
N05B | Anxiolytics | 3.56 | 0.4009 | M01A | Anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic products, non-steroids | 34.58 | 0.3990 |
A03F | Propulsives | 1.91 | 0.3946 | A07C | Electrolytes with carbohydrates | 4.48 | 0.3666 |
D06A | Antibiotics for topical use | 5.00 | 0.3710 | D01A | Antifungals for topical use | 3.36 | 0.3452 |
H02A | Corticosteroids for systemic use, plain | 8.80 | 0.3262 | D06A | Antibiotics for topical use | 5.64 | 0.3344 |
SKN02 | Dermatitis and eczema | 16.84 | 0.2812 | ||||
FACTOR 2: RESPIRATORY/ASTHMA/ACUTE INFECTION | Prev (%) | Values | FACTOR 2: RESPIRATORY/ASTHMA/ ALLERGIC | Prev (%) | Values | ||
R03A | Adrenergics, inhalants | 10.09 | 0.9215 | R06A | Antihistamines for systemic use | 14.54 | 0.6159 |
R03B | Other drugs for obstructive airway diseases, inhalants | 3.59 | 0.8434 | ALL03 | Allergic rhinitis | 5.34 | 0.7213 |
RES02 | Acute lower respiratory tract infection | 10.08 | 0.7459 | S01G | Decongestants and antiallergics | 3.86 | 0.6773 |
ASMA | Asthma | 9.28 | 0.6818 | R01A | Decongestants and other nasal preparations for topical use | 4.33 | 0.6734 |
ASMA | Asthma | 10.96 | 0.4222 | ||||
FACTOR 3: ALLERGIC | Prev (%) | Values | |||||
R06A | Antihistamines for systemic use | 11.26 | 0.6047 | ||||
ALL03 | Allergic rhinitis | 3.77 | 0.7499 | ||||
R01A | Decongestants and other nasal preparations for topical use | 3.40 | 0.7494 | ||||
S01G | Decongestants and antiallergics | 2.94 | 0.6728 | ||||
FACTOR 4: MENTAL HEALTH | Prev (%) | Values | FACTOR 3: MENTAL HEALTH | Prev (%) | Values | ||
N06B | Psychostimulants, agents used for ADHD and nootropics | 2.46 | 0.9564 | N06B | Psychostimulants, agents used for ADHD and nootropics | 2.18 | 0.7213 |
PSY05 | Attention deficit disorder | 1.97 | 0.8148 | N03A | Antiepileptics | 0.39 | 0.6562 |
NUR19 | Developmental disorder | 2.10 | 0.3823 | PSY05 | Attention deficit disorder | 1.92 | 0.5889 |
PSY14 | Psychosocial disorders of childhood | 5.70 | 0.3139 | PSY14 | Psychosocial disorders of childhood | 8.59 | 0.3968 |
NUR19 | Developmental disorder | 3.89 | 0.3857 | ||||
A02B | Drugs for peptic ulcers and GERD | 0.60 | 0.3324 | ||||
15–44 years | |||||||
FACTOR 1: MENTAL HEALTH/MECHANICAL PAIN | Prev (%) | Values | FACTOR 1: MENTAL HEALTH | Prev (%) | Values | ||
N03A | Antiepileptics | 1.67 | 0.7159 | N06A | Antidepressants | 3.74 | 0.8979 |
N05C | Hypnotics and sedatives | 0.97 | 0.6100 | N05C | Hypnotics and sedatives | 1.10 | 0.7614 |
N05B | Anxiolytics | 4.60 | 0.6036 | N05A | Antipsychotics | 2.00 | 0.7482 |
N05A | Antipsychotics | 1.53 | 0.5564 | N05B | Anxiolytics | 6.92 | 0.6522 |
A02B | Drugs for peptic ulcer and GERD | 7.94 | 0.5129 | N03A | Antiepileptics | 2.45 | 0.6442 |
N02A | Opioids | 1.90 | 0.5024 | PSY09 | Depression | 3.47 | 0.6005 |
M01A | Anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic products, non-steroids | 23.05 | 0.4126 | PSY02 | Substance use | 2.79 | 0.4973 |
N02B | Other analgesics and antipyretics | 14.24 | 0.3849 | PSY01 | Anxiety neuroses | 2.55 | 0.4801 |
PSY19 | Sleep disorders of nonorganic origin | 3.12 | 0.4604 | ||||
FACTOR 2: MECHANICAL PAIN | Prev (%) | Values | |||||
M01A | Anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic products, non-steroids | 25.68 | 0.7741 | ||||
N02B | Other analgesics and antipyretics | 17.05 | 0.6115 | ||||
A02B | Drugs for peptic ulcers and GERD | 8.49 | 0.5996 | ||||
J01C | Beta-lactam antibacterials, penicillins | 18.01 | 0.5105 | ||||
N02A | Opioids | 2.92 | 0.4920 | ||||
MUS14 | Low back pain | 4.18 | 0.4663 | ||||
H02A | Corticosteroids for systemic use, pain | 2.58 | 0.4642 | ||||
J01F | Macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramins | 7.10 | 0.4037 | ||||
B01A | Antithrombotic agents | 2.01 | 0.3980 | ||||
FACTOR 2: RESPIRATORY | Prev (%) | Values | FACTOR 3: RESPIRATORY | Prev (%) | Values | ||
H02A | Corticosteroids for systemic use, plain | 1.65 | 0.3883 | RES02 | Acute lower respiratory tract infection | 2.05 | 0.3838 |
R01A | Decongestants and other nasal preparations for topical use | 4.73 | 0.7461 | R03A | Adrenergics, inhalants | 4.54 | 0.7900 |
R06A | Antihistamines for systemic use | 7.83 | 0.6764 | R06A | Antihistamines for systemic use | 11.97 | 0.7005 |
R05C | Expectorants, excl. combinations with cough suppressants | 10.13 | 0.5909 | ASMA | Asthma | 6.89 | 0.6227 |
ALL03 | Allergic rhinitis | 6.06 | 0.5124 | R01A | Decongestants and other nasal preparations for topical use | 6.99 | 0.5562 |
J01F | Macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramins | 5.22 | 0.4957 | ALL03 | Allergic rhinitis | 12.12 | 0.4093 |
ASMA | Asthma | 3.53 | 0.4573 | ||||
R05D | Cough suppressants, excl. combinations with expectorants | 5.99 | 0.4383 | ||||
J01C | Beta-lactam antibacterials, penicillins | 15.47 | 0.3796 | ||||
FACTOR 3: CARDIOMETABOLIC | Prev (%) | Values | |||||
HTA | Hypertension | 2.05 | 0.7494 | ||||
NUT03 | Obesity | 2.62 | 0.5822 | ||||
CAR11 | Disorders of lipid metabolism | 6.10 | 0.5101 | ||||
B01A | Antithrombotic agents | 1.61 | 0.5063 | ||||
FACTOR 4: DERMA | Prev (%) | Values | |||||
SKN02 | Dermatitis and eczema | 4.94 | 0.8586 | ||||
D07A | Corticosteroids, plain | 3.62 | 0.6772 | ||||
D01A | Antifungals for topical use | 3.15 | 0.4985 | ||||
45–65 years | |||||||
FACTOR 1: RESPIRATORY | Prev (%) | Values | FACTOR 3: RESPIRATORY | Prev (%) | Values | ||
R05C | Expectorants, excl. combinations with cough suppressants | 14.43 | 0.7394 | N02B | Other analgesics and antipyretics | 22.35 | 0.3056 |
R06A | Antihistamines for systemic use | 8.06 | 0.6970 | RES04 | Emphysema, chronic bronchitis, COPD | 3.64 | 0.3491 |
R01A | Decongestants and other nasal preparations for topical use | 5.05 | 0.6485 | R03A | Adrenergics, inhalants | 5.88 | 0.8130 |
RES02 | Acute lower respiratory tract infection | 3.15 | 0.5805 | R06A | Antihistamines for systemic use | 11.10 | 0.7063 |
J01F | Macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramins | 5.57 | 0.5787 | RES02 | Acute lower respiratory tract infection | 3.45 | 0.5897 |
R05D | Cough suppressants, excl. combinations with expectorants | 7.00 | 0.5409 | R01A | Decongestants and other nasal preparations for topical use | 6.26 | 0.5803 |
J01C | Beta-lactam antibacterials, penicillins | 14.33 | 0.5140 | ASMA | Asthma | 3.43 | 0.5666 |
N02B | Other analgesics and antipyretics | 21.11 | 0.5065 | J01M | Quinolone antibacterials | 5.53 | 0.4548 |
M01A | Anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic products, non-steroids | 32.37 | 0.4865 | J01F | Macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramins | 6.91 | 0.4383 |
J01M | Quinolone antibacterials | 0.4676 | J01C | Beta-lactam antibacterials, penicillins | 15.46 | 0.3981 | |
ALL03 | Allergic rhinitis | 4.03 | 0.4222 | ALL03 | Allergic rhinitis | 7.53 | 0.3589 |
ASMA | Asthma | 2.05 | 0.4190 | ||||
D07A | Corticosteroids, plain | 32.37 | 0.3434 | ||||
M02A | Topical products for joint and muscular pain | 6.25 | 0.3159 | ||||
RES04 | Emphysema, chronic bronchitis. COPD | 2.69 | 0.2818 | ||||
FACTOR 2: CARDIOMETABOLIC | Prev (%) | Values | FACTOR 2: CARDIOMETABOLIC | Prev (%) | Values | ||
A02B | Drugs for peptic ulcer and GERD | 24.46 | 0.3434 | A02B | Drugs for peptic ulcer and gastro-esophageal reflux disease (gord) | 25.26 | 0.3952 |
HTA | Hypertension | 22.12 | 0.8007 | B01A | Antithrombotic agents | 11.01 | 0.7832 |
B01A | Antithrombotic agents | 9.93 | 0.6619 | HTA | Hypertension | 27.96 | 0.6610 |
DIAB | Diabetes | 8.73 | 0.6547 | IHD | Ischemic heart disease | 4.07 | 0.6085 |
C09C | Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), plain | 6.49 | 0.6080 | DIAB | Diabetes | 11.00 | 0.5750 |
IHD | Ischemic heart disease | 3.23 | 0.5763 | C09C | Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), plain | 6.85 | 0.5396 |
NUT03 | Obesity | 6.73 | 0.5377 | CAR16 | Cardiovascular disorders, other | 2.14 | 0.4854 |
CAR11 | Disorders of lipid metabolism | 26.32 | 0.4817 | CAR09 | Cardiac arrhythmia | 2.50 | 0.4723 |
RHU02 | Gout | 2.88 | 0.3703 | NUT03 | Obesity | 10.24 | 0.4283 |
CAR11 | Disorders of lipid metabolism | 39.37 | 0.3296 | ||||
RHU02 | Gout | 4.17 | 0.3014 | ||||
FACTOR 3: MENTAL HEALTH | Prev (%) | Values | FACTOR 1: MENTAL HEALTH | Prev (%) | Values | ||
N06A | Antidepressants | 6.04 | 0.9434 | N06A | Antidepressants | 7.22 | 0.7887 |
PSY09 | Depression | 4.42 | 0.7844 | N05B | Anxiolytics | 12.79 | 0.7326 |
N05B | Anxiolytics | 10.25 | 0.7607 | N03A | Antiepileptics | 5.10 | 0.6613 |
PSY19 | Sleep disorders of nonorganic origin | 3.60 | 0.3751 | PSY09 | Depression | 6.86 | 0.5530 |
PSY02 | Substance use | 2.61 | 0.3104 | N02A | Opioids | 6.60 | 0.4891 |
PSY01 | Anxiety, neuroses | 3.04 | 0.4447 | ||||
M01A | Anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic products, non-steroids | 31.42 | 0.4166 | ||||
PSY19 | Sleep disorders of nonorganic origin | 6.66 | 0.3594 | ||||
MUS14 | Low back pain | 6.13 | 0.3367 | ||||
MUS13 | Cervical pain syndromes | 2.48 | 0.3161 | ||||
NUR21 | Neurologic disorders, other | 3.69 | 0.2959 |
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Mucherino, S.; Gimeno-Miguel, A.; Carmona-Pirez, J.; Gonzalez-Rubio, F.; Ioakeim-Skoufa, I.; Moreno-Juste, A.; Orlando, V.; Aza-Pascual-Salcedo, M.; Poblador-Plou, B.; Menditto, E.; et al. Changes in Multimorbidity and Polypharmacy Patterns in Young and Adult Population over a 4-Year Period: A 2011–2015 Comparison Using Real-World Data. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4422. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094422
Mucherino S, Gimeno-Miguel A, Carmona-Pirez J, Gonzalez-Rubio F, Ioakeim-Skoufa I, Moreno-Juste A, Orlando V, Aza-Pascual-Salcedo M, Poblador-Plou B, Menditto E, et al. Changes in Multimorbidity and Polypharmacy Patterns in Young and Adult Population over a 4-Year Period: A 2011–2015 Comparison Using Real-World Data. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(9):4422. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094422
Chicago/Turabian StyleMucherino, Sara, Antonio Gimeno-Miguel, Jonas Carmona-Pirez, Francisca Gonzalez-Rubio, Ignatios Ioakeim-Skoufa, Aida Moreno-Juste, Valentina Orlando, Mercedes Aza-Pascual-Salcedo, Beatriz Poblador-Plou, Enrica Menditto, and et al. 2021. "Changes in Multimorbidity and Polypharmacy Patterns in Young and Adult Population over a 4-Year Period: A 2011–2015 Comparison Using Real-World Data" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9: 4422. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094422