Using Pressure-Driven Membrane Processes to Remove Emerging Pollutants from Aqueous Solutions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
- Caffeine, C8H10N4O2, molecular weight 194.9 g/mol, purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Inc.
- Metformin, C4H11N5, molecular weight 129.16 g/mol, purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Inc.
- Methyl paraben, C8H8O3, molecular weight 152.15 g/mol, purchased from Alfa Aesar.
- Sodium chloride, NaCl, molecular weight is 58.4 g/mol, supplied by Panreac.
- Hydrous magnesium chloride, MgCl2 6H2O, molecular weight is 203.30 g/mol, supplied by Panreac.
2.2. Experimental Equipment
2.3. Methods
2.4. Experimental Series
2.5. Theoretical Solution-Diffusion Model
- To obtain the solute concentration in the permeate:
- For the permeate flux:
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterization of Different Membranes
3.1.1. Solvent Permeability
3.1.2. Selectivity and Performance of Different Membranes
3.2. Removal of Different Emerging Pollutants Using A Polyamide NF Membrane
3.3. Screening of Different Membranes for the Removal of Methyl Paraben
3.3.1. Influence of Pressure
3.3.2. Influence of Methyl Paraben Feed Concentration
3.3.3. Fitting the Solution-Diffusion Model
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Provider | Alfa Laval | Alfa Laval | Alfa Laval | Alfa Laval |
---|---|---|---|---|
Manufacturer | Dow Chemical | Dow Chemical | Dow Chemical | Dow Chemical |
Product denomination | NF99 | NF99HF | RO90 | RO99 |
Type | Thin-film composite | Thin-film composite | Thin-film composite | Thin-film composite |
Composition | Polyamide | Polyamide | Polyamide | Polyamide |
Molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) (Da) | ≤200 | ≤200 | - | - |
Membrane surface area (m2) | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.003 |
Maximum pressure (N/m2) | 55 × 105 | 55 × 105 | 55 × 105 | 55 × 105 |
MgSO4 rejection (%) | ≥97 | ≥98 | ≥99 | ≥99 |
pH range | 3–10 | 3–10 | 2–11 | 2–11 |
Maximum temperature (°C) | 50 | 50 | 60 | 60 |
NF99 a | NF99HF | RO90 | RO99 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Aw (s/m) | 1.665 × 10−8 | 6.175 × 10−8 | 8.536 × 10−9 | 7.548 × 10−9 |
Bs (NaCl) (m/s) | 6.705 × 10−6 | 2.777 × 10−6 | 1.135 × 10−6 | 6.551 × 10−7 |
Bs (MgCl2) (m/s) | 1.632 × 10−7 | 4.496 × 10−7 | 2.022 × 10−7 | 1.231 × 10−7 |
Emerging Pollutants | Caffeine | Metformin | Methyl Paraben |
---|---|---|---|
Molecular weight (g/mol) | 194.19 | 129.16 | 152.15 |
Solubility in water (25 °C) mg/L | 2.16 × 104 | 1.06 × 106 | 2.50 × 103 |
log Kow | −0.07 | 2.64 | 1.96 |
pKa | −0.13–1.22 f | 12.4 | 8.5 |
Topological polar surface area (Å2) | 58.4 | 91.5 | 46.5 |
Charge | Neutral | Positive | Neutral |
Dipole moment (D) | 3.40–3.70 a, b | 0.412 c | 1.50 |
Stokes radius (nm) | 0.318 d | 0.328 e | 0.270 d |
Chemical structure |
Emerging Pollutant | Membrane | Experimental Conditions | Jp (L/m2 h bar) | Rejection (%) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Caffeine | UF | 4 bar | 21.6 | 11.5 | Acero et al., 2012. [19] |
Caffeine | NF-270 | 7 bar | 65.0 | 84.0–86.0 | Mahlangu et al., 2014. [17] |
Caffeine | NTR 7450 | 10–800 mg/L at 16.5 bar | - | 45.4–35.0 | Shirley et al., 2014. [23] |
Caffeine | DESAL HL | - | - | 58.0 | Wang et al., 2015. [16] |
Caffeine | NF90 | 15 bar | - | 92.0 | Licona et al., 2018. [25] |
Caffeine | BW30 | 15 bar | - | 92.0–95.0 | Licona et al., 2018. [25] |
Caffeine | NF99 | 25 mg/L at 10 bar | 105.8 | 84.0 | This work |
Metformin | DK | 35.99 ng/L at 10 bar | - | 94.0 | Foureaux et al., 2019. [18] |
Metformin | NF99 | 10 mg/L at 10 bar | 79.2 | 70.0 | This work |
Methyl paraben | DESAL HL | - | - | 21.0 | Wang et al., 2015. [16] |
Methyl paraben | NF90 | - | - | 60.0 | López-Ortíz et al., 2018. [12] |
Methyl paraben | DESAL HL | - | - | 62.0 | López-Ortíz et al., 2018. [12] |
Methyl paraben | NF99 | 25 mg/L at 10 bar | 102.7 | 8.0 | This work |
Methyl paraben | NF99HF | 25 mg/L at 10 bar | 180.0 | 8.0 | This work |
Methyl paraben | RO90 | 25 mg/L at 20 bar | 50.4 | 80.0 | This work |
Methyl paraben | RO99 | 25 mg/L at 20 bar | 43.2 | 90.0 | This work |
NF99HF | RO90 | RO99 | |
---|---|---|---|
Bs (MP) (m/s) | 8.19 × 10−4 | 3.82 × 10−6 | 4.41 × 10−6 |
Ψ (MP) (m2/s2) | 4.183 × 106 | 10.28 × 106 | 2.244 × 106 |
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Hidalgo, A.M.; León, G.; Murcia, M.D.; Gómez, M.; Gómez, E.; Gómez, J.L. Using Pressure-Driven Membrane Processes to Remove Emerging Pollutants from Aqueous Solutions. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4036. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084036
Hidalgo AM, León G, Murcia MD, Gómez M, Gómez E, Gómez JL. Using Pressure-Driven Membrane Processes to Remove Emerging Pollutants from Aqueous Solutions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(8):4036. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084036
Chicago/Turabian StyleHidalgo, Asunción María, Gerardo León, María Dolores Murcia, María Gómez, Elisa Gómez, and José Luis Gómez. 2021. "Using Pressure-Driven Membrane Processes to Remove Emerging Pollutants from Aqueous Solutions" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8: 4036. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084036