Dental Expenditure by Household Income in Korea over the Period 2008–2017: A Review of the National Dental Insurance Reform
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data
2.2. Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Dental Utilization and Expenditures
3.2. CI and Dental Inequalities
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Time | Newly Added Dental Benefits |
---|---|
December 2009 | Sealant (6 to 14 years old) in the 1st molar (sound teeth not affected by caries) |
December 2010 | Sealant (6 to 14 years old) in the 1st molar (sound tooth with occlusal surface not affected by caries) |
July 2012 | Complete denture (CD) for people aged 75 or older |
October 2012 | Sealant in the 1st and 2nd molar teeth of children under 14 years old (sound teeth with occlusal surface not affected by caries) |
April 2013 | Sealant (under 18 years old) in the 1st and 2nd molar teeth in children/adolescents (sound teeth with occlusal surface not affected by caries) |
July 2013 | Scaling for all ages (full mouth scaling for prevention, once a year for people over 20 years old) |
Removable partial denture (RPD) for people aged 75 or older | |
July 2014 | Dental implant for people aged 75 or older |
July 2015 | CD, RPD, and dental implants for people aged 70 or older |
July 2016 | CD, RPD, and dental implants for people aged 65 or older |
August 2017 | The co-payment for implants and dentures for people aged 65 and over was reduced from 50% to 30% |
October 2017 | Sealant’s co-payment rate cut to 10% |
Items | Categories | Elderly (n = 3650) | Non-Elderly (n = 12,843) | p-Value 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (mean) | 73.6 | 38.2 | <0.001 | |
Gender (%) | Male | 46.5 | 43.8 | <0.001 |
Female | 53.5 | 56.2 | ||
Marital status (%) | Single | 30 | 56.3 | <0.001 |
Married | 70 | 43.7 | ||
Education (%) | ≤Elementary | 50.8 | 24.1 | <0.001 |
Middle/High | 39.6 | 45.3 | ||
≥College | 9.6 | 30.6 | ||
Medical aid (%) | 6.5 | 3.0 | <0.001 | |
Job (%) | Unemployed | 85.2 | 45.2 | <0.001 |
Equivalence Income 1 | 17,620 | 30,326 | <0.001 | |
Number of annual dental visits | 2008–2012 | 5.00 | 3.99 | <0.001 |
2013–2017 | 5.32 | 3.81 | ||
Ratio of dental expenditure 2 (%) | 2008–2012 | 30.7 | 46.5 | <0.001 |
2013–2017 | 31.1 | 42.5 |
Items | Equivalence Scale | Gross Household Income | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CI 1 | 95% CI 2 | CI 1 | 95% CI 2 | ||||
Total | 0.0859 | 0.0725 | 0.0993 | 0.0728 | 0.0593 | 0.0864 | |
Age | Non-elderly | 0.1011 | 0.0853 | 0.1170 | 0.0903 | 0.0742 | 0.1065 |
Elderly | 0.0802 | 0.0555 | 0.1050 | 0.0728 | 0.0486 | 0.0970 | |
Year | 2008–2012 (P1) | 0.1118 | 0.0911 | 0.1326 | 0.0977 | 0.0768 | 0.1185 |
2013–2017 (P2) | 0.0562 | 0.0386 | 0.0738 | 0.0471 | 0.0294 | 0.0648 |
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Shin, H.; Cho, H.-A.; Kim, B.-R. Dental Expenditure by Household Income in Korea over the Period 2008–2017: A Review of the National Dental Insurance Reform. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3859. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083859
Shin H, Cho H-A, Kim B-R. Dental Expenditure by Household Income in Korea over the Period 2008–2017: A Review of the National Dental Insurance Reform. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(8):3859. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083859
Chicago/Turabian StyleShin, Hosung, Han-A Cho, and Bo-Ra Kim. 2021. "Dental Expenditure by Household Income in Korea over the Period 2008–2017: A Review of the National Dental Insurance Reform" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8: 3859. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083859