Psychological (In)Flexibility Mediates the Effect of Loneliness on Psychological Stress. Evidence from a Large Sample of University Professors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.3. Design and Procedure
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Description
3.2. Hierarchical Regression Analysis
3.3. Mediation Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Males Mdn/Range (n = 536) | Females Mdn/Range (n = 366) | U-Test | p-Value | Cohen’s d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 41/48 | 38/44 | −3.56 | <0.001 *** | 0.272 |
Workload (h/day) | 10/13 | 10/13 | −3.29 | <0.001 *** | 0.217 |
Males % (fr) (n = 536) | Females % (fr) (n = 366) | Chi Squared | p-Value | Cremer’s V | |
National region (A/C/H) | 2.11% (19)/19.73% (178)/37.58% (339) | 2.66% (24)/12.08% (109)/25.83% (233) | 4.950 | 0.084 | 0.074 |
Institution (P/Pr) | 31.26% (282)/28.16% (254) | 23.61% (213)/16.96% (153) | 2.739 | 0.098 | 0.055 |
Marital status (S/M/D/W) | 15.63% (141)/38.14% (344)/5.43% (49)/0.22% (2) | 14.19% (128)/20.18% (182)/5.76% (52)/0.44% (4) | 19.946 | <0.001 *** | 0.149 |
Professional category (P/nP) | 36.36% (328)/23.06% (208) | 22.61% (204)/17.96% (162) | 2.976 | 0.102 | 0.054 |
Contract (Ft/Pt) | 45.68% (412)/13.75% (124) | 31.26% (282)/9.31% (84) | 0.004 | 0.949 | 0.002 |
Variables | Males Mdn/Range (n = 536) | Females Mdn/Range (n = 536) | U-Test | p-Value | Cohen’s d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stress | 46/98 | 58/98 | −4.27 | <0.001 *** | −0.366 |
Loneliness | 49/84 | 49/84 | −2.70 | 0.007 ** | −0.181 |
Psychological inflexibility (experiential avoidance) | 53/90 | 53/90 | −1.34 | 0.182 | −0.167 |
Psychological flexibility (life engagement) | 54/79 | 49/79 | −0.768 | 0.442 | 0.028 |
Regression Models (Steps and Predictors) | b | Confidence Interval (95%) | p-Value | VIF |
---|---|---|---|---|
Step 1 (R2 = 0.063) | ||||
Age | −0.579 | −0.863/−0.294 | <0.001 *** | 1.320 |
Workload | −0.058 | −0.292/0.177 | 0.630 | 1.014 |
Institution | 0.173 | −0.016/0.362 | 0.073 | 1.129 |
Geographical region | 0.335 | 0.152/0.518 | <0.001 *** | 1.070 |
Marital status | 0.032 | −0.150/0.215 | 0.728 | 1.243 |
Professional category | 0.120 | −0.084/0.324 | 0.249 | 1.284 |
Contract | −0.204 | −0.426/−0.018 | 0.072 ** | 1.112 |
Step 2 (R2 = 0.667) | ||||
Age | −0.327 | −0.552/−0.101 | 0.005 ** | 1.340 |
Workload | 0.092 | −0.094/0.279 | 0.330 | 1.030 |
Institution | 0.109 | −0.040/0.258 | 0.150 | 1.132 |
Geographical region Marital status | −0.005 0.098 | −0.152/0.142 −0.047/0.243 | 0.949 0.184 | 1.115 1.260 |
Professional category | 0.121 | −0.040/0.282 | 0.139 | 1.286 |
Contract | −0.132 | −0.307/0.042 | 0.137 | 1.114 |
Loneliness | 0.225 | 0.137/0.312 | <0.001 *** | 1.521 |
Psychological inflexibility (experiential avoidance) | 0.570 | 0.490/0.651 | <0.001 *** | 1.626 |
Psychological flexibility (life engagement) | −0.151 | −0.213/−0.090 | <0.001 *** | 1.184 |
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Ortega-Jiménez, D.; Ruisoto, P.; Bretones, F.D.; Ramírez, M.d.R.; Vaca Gallegos, S. Psychological (In)Flexibility Mediates the Effect of Loneliness on Psychological Stress. Evidence from a Large Sample of University Professors. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 2992. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062992
Ortega-Jiménez D, Ruisoto P, Bretones FD, Ramírez MdR, Vaca Gallegos S. Psychological (In)Flexibility Mediates the Effect of Loneliness on Psychological Stress. Evidence from a Large Sample of University Professors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(6):2992. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062992
Chicago/Turabian StyleOrtega-Jiménez, David, Pablo Ruisoto, Francisco Díaz Bretones, Marina del Rocío Ramírez, and Silvia Vaca Gallegos. 2021. "Psychological (In)Flexibility Mediates the Effect of Loneliness on Psychological Stress. Evidence from a Large Sample of University Professors" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6: 2992. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062992