Factors Influencing Quality of Life in Early Postpartum Women
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Participants
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Maternal Postpartum Quality of Life (MAPP-QOL)
2.2.2. Fatigue Continuum Form (FCF)
2.2.3. Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)
2.2.4. Marital Intimacy (MI)
2.2.5. Breastfeeding Adaptation Scale (BFAS)
2.2.6. General Characteristics
2.3. Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics of Participants and Score of Variables
3.2. Quality of Life According to General Characteristics
3.3. Postpartum Fatigue, Postpartum Depression, Marital Intimacy, Breastfeeding Adaptation, and Quality of Life
3.4. Factors Influencing Quality of Life in Postpartum Women
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Categories | n (%) | M ± SD | Range |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (year) | <35 | 116 (64.8) | 32.9 ± 4.3 | 23–44 |
≥35 | 63 (35.2) | |||
Age of spouse (year) | <35 | 74 (41.3) | 35.7 ± 5.0 | 22–51 |
≥35 | 105 (58.7) | |||
Education level | ≤High school | 33 (18.4) | ||
≥College | 146 (81.6) | |||
Job | Yes | 77 (43.0) | ||
No | 102 (57.0) | |||
Religion | Yes | 73 (40.8) | ||
No | 106 (59.2) | |||
Pregnancy type | Nature | 164 (91.6) | ||
Artificial | 15 (8.4) | |||
Delivery type | Vaginal delivery | 70 (39.1) | ||
Cesarean section | 109 (60.9) | |||
Baby’s gender | Male | 99 (55.3) | ||
Female | 74 (41.3) | |||
Mixed twins | 6 (3.4) | |||
Baby’s birth order | 1 | 99 (55.3) | ||
2 | 66 (36.9) | |||
≥3 | 14 (7.8) | |||
Baby care assistant | Yes | 113 (63.1) | ||
No | 66 (36.9) | |||
Monthly household | <200 | 15 (8.4) | ||
income (KRW 10,000) a | 200–299 | 62 (34.6) | ||
300–399 | 37 (20.7) | |||
≥400 | 65 (36.3) |
Variables | Possible Range | Min | Max | M ± SD | Skewness | Kurtosis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Postpartum fatigue | 30–120 | 31.00 | 89.00 | 56.83 ± 12.64 | 0.27 | −0.32 |
Postpartum depression | 0–30 | 0.00 | 24.00 | 8.88 ± 5.02 | 0.42 | −0.10 |
Marital intimacy | 15–75 | 21.00 | 75.00 | 56.22 ± 10.74 | −0.45 | 0.01 |
Breastfeeding adaptation | 27–135 | 60.00 | 135.00 | 94.71 ± 13.28 | 0.02 | 0.06 |
Quality of life | 0–30 | 7.09 | 28.33 | 19.64 ± 3.82 | 0.08 | −0.11 |
Variables | Categories | n (%) | M ± SD | t/F (p) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (year) | <35 | 116 (64.8) | 20.16 ± 3.63 | 2.51 (0.013) |
≥35 | 63 (35.2) | 18.69 ± 4.01 | ||
Age of spouse (year) | <35 | 74 (41.3) | 20.31 ± 3.81 | 1.97 (0.051) |
≥35 | 105 (58.7) | 19.18 ± 3.78 | ||
Education level | ≤High school | 33 (18.4) | 18.89 ± 4.41 | −1.25 (0.212) |
≥College | 146 (81.6) | 19.81 ± 3.67 | ||
Job | Yes | 77 (43.0) | 20.86 ± 3.38 | 3.83 (<0.001) |
No | 102 (57.0) | 18.73 ± 3.89 | ||
Religion | Yes | 73 (40.8) | 20.24 ± 3.50 | 1.73 (0.085) |
No | 106 (59.2) | 19.24 ± 3.99 | ||
Pregnancy type | Nature | 164 (91.6) | 19.82 ± 3.62 | 1.45 (0.169) |
Artificial | 15 (8.4) | 17.77 ± 5.38 | ||
Delivery type | Vaginal delivery | 70 (39.1) | 19.73 ± 3.71 | 0.24 (0.813) |
Cesarean section | 109 (60.9) | 19.59 ± 3.91 | ||
Baby gender | Male | 99 (55.3) | 19.38 ± 3.89 | 0.61 (0.543) |
Female | 74 (41.3) | 20.02 ± 3.35 | ||
Mixed twins | 6 (3.4) | 19.28 ± 7.49 | ||
Number of child | 1 | 99 (55.3) | 19.50 ± 3.87 | 0.25 (0.777) |
2 | 66 (36.9) | 19.73 ± 3.66 | ||
≥3 | 14 (7.8) | 20.24 ± 4.42 | ||
Baby care assistant | Yes | 113 (63.1) | 20.19 ± 3.80 | 2.53 (0.012) |
No | 66 (36.9) | 18.71 ± 3.71 | ||
Monthly household | <200 a | 15 (8.4) | 17.93 ± 5.25 | 4.65 (0.004) d > a * |
income (KRW 10,000) | 200–299 b | 62 (34.6) | 19.48 ± 3.47 | |
300–399 c | 37 (20.7) | 18.48 ± 3.43 | ||
≥400 d | 65 (36.3) | 20.86 ± 3.67 |
Postpartum Fatigue | Postpartum Depression | Marital Intimacy | Breastfeeding Adaptation | Quality of Life | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
r (p) | |||||
Postpartum fatigue | 1 | ||||
Postpartum depression | 0.57 (<0.001) | 1 | |||
Marital intimacy | −0.23 (0.002) | −0.28 (<0.001) | 1 | ||
Breastfeeding adaptation | −0.34 (<0.001) | −0.32 (<0.001) | 0.41 (<0.001) | 1 | |
Quality of life | −0.48 (<0.001) | −0.53 (<0.001) | 0.67 (<0.001) | 0.49 (<0.001) | 1 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | β | t | p | 95% CI | B | β | t | p | 95% CI | |
(Constant) | 16.08 | 15.93 | <0.001 | 14.09–18.08 | 9.977 | 5.01 | <0.001 | 6.05–13.91 | ||
Age (ref. ≥ 35) | 1.861 | 0.233 | 3.28 | 0.001 | 0.74–2.98 | 0.547 | 0.069 | 1.41 | 0.160 | −0.22–1.31 |
Job (ref. = no) | 1.406 | 0.183 | 2.18 | 0.030 | 0.14–2.68 | 1.254 | 0.163 | 2.94 | 0.004 | 0.41–2.10 |
Postpartum fatigue | −0.058 | −0.192 | −3.40 | 0.001 | −0.09–−0.02 | |||||
Postpartum depression | −0.145 | −0.190 | −3.25 | 0.001 | −0.23–−0.06 | |||||
Marital intimacy | 0.166 | 0.466 | 8.79 | <0.001 | 0.13–0.20 | |||||
Breastfeeding adaptation | 0.047 | 0.163 | 3.09 | 0.002 | 0.02–0.08 | |||||
adjusted R2 (∆adjusted R2) | 0.147 | 0.636 (0.489) | ||||||||
F (p) | 6.12 (<0.001) | 32.09 (<0.001) |
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Jeong, Y.-J.; Nho, J.-H.; Kim, H.Y.; Kim, J.Y. Factors Influencing Quality of Life in Early Postpartum Women. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 2988. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062988
Jeong Y-J, Nho J-H, Kim HY, Kim JY. Factors Influencing Quality of Life in Early Postpartum Women. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(6):2988. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062988
Chicago/Turabian StyleJeong, Yu-Jeong, Ju-Hee Nho, Hye Young Kim, and Ji Young Kim. 2021. "Factors Influencing Quality of Life in Early Postpartum Women" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6: 2988. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062988
APA StyleJeong, Y.-J., Nho, J.-H., Kim, H. Y., & Kim, J. Y. (2021). Factors Influencing Quality of Life in Early Postpartum Women. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 2988. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062988