Low COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance Is Correlated with Conspiracy Beliefs among University Students in Jordan
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Overview of Survey Items
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Intention to Get COVID-19 Vaccines
2.3.2. Assessment of COVID-19 Vaccine Conspiracy Beliefs
2.3.3. Covariates in Multinomial Regression Analysis
2.3.4. Vaccine Conspiracy Beliefs Scale (VCBS)
2.3.5. Intention to Get COVID-19 Vaccines in Relation to VCBS
2.4. Ethical Considerations
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Survey Respondents
3.2. Low Intent to Get COVID-19 Vaccines among the Respondent Students
3.3. Low Acceptance of Influenza Vaccines among the Respondent Students
3.4. The Belief in Conspiratorial Claims Was Associated with Lower COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance
3.5. Vaccine Conspiracy Beliefs Were Associated with a Significantly Higher Level of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy
3.6. Dependence on Social Media Platforms Was Associated with COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Academic Discipline | School/Faculty | School/Faculty | School/Faculty |
---|---|---|---|---|
Feature | Health n 2 (%) | Scientific n (%) | Humanities n (%) | |
Mean age (SD 1) | 20.8 (2.7) | 22.5 (4.4) | 23.9 (6.6) | |
Age categories | ≤21 years | 473 (75.3) | 136 (49.6) | 97 (47.5) |
>21 years | 155 (24.7) | 138 (50.4) | 107 (52.5) | |
Nationality | Jordanian | 471 (75.0) | 253 (92.3) | 188 (92.2) |
Non-Jordanian | 157 (25.0) | 21 (7.7) | 16 (7.8) | |
University | Public | 582 (92.7) | 249 (90.9) | 149 (73.0) |
Private | 46 (7.3) | 25 (9.1) | 55 (27.0) | |
Sex | Male | 168 (26.8) | 82 (29.9) | 54 (26.5) |
Female | 460 (73.2) | 192 (70.1) | 150 (73.5) | |
Educational level | Undergraduate | 596 (94.9) | 225 (82.1) | 149 (73.0) |
Postgraduate | 32 (5.1) | 49 (17.9) | 55 (27.0) | |
History of chronic disease | Yes | 57 (9.1) | 28 (10.2) | 20 (9.8) |
No | 571 (90.9) | 246 (89.8) | 184 (90.2) | |
Experience of COVID-19 in self or family | Yes | 252 (40.1) | 103 (37.6) | 69 (33.8) |
No | 376 (59.9) | 171 (62.4) | 135 (66.2) |
Variable | Feature | Intent for COVID-19 Vaccination | p-Value 3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No/Maybe | |||
n2 (%) | n (%) | |||
Mean age (SD 1) | 21.4 (3.6) | 21.9 (4.6) | 0.215 | |
Age categories | ≤21 years | 256 (36.3) | 450 (63.7) | 0.207 |
>21 years | 130 (32.5) | 270 (67.5) | ||
Nationality | Jordanian | 289 (31.7) | 623 (68.3) | <0.001 ** |
Non-Jordanian | 97 (50.0) | 97 (50.0) | ||
University | Public | 359 (36.6) | 621 (63.4) | 0.001 ** |
Private | 27 (21.4) | 99 (78.6) | ||
School/Faculty | Health | 273 (43.5) | 355 (56.5) | <0.001 ** |
Scientific | 64 (23.4) | 210 (76.6) | ||
Humanities | 49 (24.0) | 155 (76.0) | ||
Sex | Male | 128 (42.1) | 176 (57.9) | 0.002 ** |
Female | 258 (32.2) | 544 (67.8) | ||
Educational level | Undergraduate | 339 (34.9) | 631 (65.1) | 0.929 |
Postgraduate | 47 (34.6) | 89 (65.4) | ||
History of chronic disease | Yes | 35 (33.3) | 70 (66.7) | 0.723 |
No | 351 (35.1) | 650 (64.9) | ||
Experience of COVID-19 in self or family | Yes | 150 (35.4) | 274 (64.6) | 0.793 |
No | 236 (34.6) | 446 (65.4) |
Variable | Feature | Acceptance of Influenza Vaccination | p-Value 3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No/Maybe | |||
n2 (%) | n (%) | |||
Mean age (SD 1) | 21.2 (3.5) | 21.9 (4.6) | 0.033 * | |
Age categories | ≤21 years | 219 (31.0) | 487 (69.0) | 0.027 * |
>21 years | 99 (24.8) | 301 (75.3) | ||
Nationality | Jordanian | 249 (27.3) | 663 (72.7) | 0.021 * |
Non-Jordanian | 69 (35.6) | 125 (64.4) | ||
University | Public | 287 (29.3) | 693 (70.7) | 0.274 |
Private | 31 (24.6) | 95 (75.4) | ||
School/Faculty | Health | 212 (33.8) | 416 (66.2) | <0.001 ** |
Scientific | 56 (20.4) | 218 (79.6) | ||
Humanities | 50 (24.5) | 154 (75.5) | ||
Sex | Male | 95 (31.3) | 209 (68.8) | 0.259 |
Female | 223 (27.8) | 579 (72.2) | ||
Educational level | Undergraduate | 285 (29.4) | 685 (70.6) | 0.217 |
Postgraduate | 33 (24.3) | 103 (75.7) | ||
History of chronic disease | Yes | 40 (38.1) | 65 (61.9) | 0.026 * |
No | 278 (27.8) | 723 (72.2) | ||
Experience of COVID-19 in self or family | Yes | 136 (32.1) | 288 (67.9) | 0.054 |
No | 182 (26.7) | 500 (73.3) |
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Sallam, M.; Dababseh, D.; Eid, H.; Hasan, H.; Taim, D.; Al-Mahzoum, K.; Al-Haidar, A.; Yaseen, A.; Ababneh, N.A.; Assaf, A.; et al. Low COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance Is Correlated with Conspiracy Beliefs among University Students in Jordan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 2407. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052407
Sallam M, Dababseh D, Eid H, Hasan H, Taim D, Al-Mahzoum K, Al-Haidar A, Yaseen A, Ababneh NA, Assaf A, et al. Low COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance Is Correlated with Conspiracy Beliefs among University Students in Jordan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(5):2407. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052407
Chicago/Turabian StyleSallam, Malik, Deema Dababseh, Huda Eid, Hanan Hasan, Duaa Taim, Kholoud Al-Mahzoum, Ayat Al-Haidar, Alaa Yaseen, Nidaa A. Ababneh, Areej Assaf, and et al. 2021. "Low COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance Is Correlated with Conspiracy Beliefs among University Students in Jordan" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5: 2407. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052407
APA StyleSallam, M., Dababseh, D., Eid, H., Hasan, H., Taim, D., Al-Mahzoum, K., Al-Haidar, A., Yaseen, A., Ababneh, N. A., Assaf, A., Bakri, F. G., Matar, S., & Mahafzah, A. (2021). Low COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance Is Correlated with Conspiracy Beliefs among University Students in Jordan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(5), 2407. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052407