Morphing Task: The Emotion Recognition Process in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Morphing Task
2.3. Training Session
2.4. First Condition
2.5. Second Condition
2.6. Procedure
- The Chi-square test (χ2) was performed to investigate potential relationships between the number of errors (as categorial variables) and the six emotions in the two conditions (human and cartoon faces);
- Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to investigate group differences with regard to response latency (speed in seconds).
3. Results
3.1. Misidentified Emotions
3.2. Response Latency
4. Discussion
- Major latency in emotion recognition for both clinical groups;
- Greater emotion recognition error rate compared to the control group;
- Tendency to confuse some emotions (see fear/sadness, anger/disgust).
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ASD | ADHD | TD | |
---|---|---|---|
Mean age (range) | 9.33 (7–12) | 10.12 (7–12) | 10.12 (712) |
Female (number (%)) | 8 (38) | 5 (25) | 3 (15) |
Feeling of Human Face | Groups | Comparison | χ2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ADHD Mean ± SD | ASD Mean ± SD | TD Mean ± SD | ASD vs. TD | ADHD vs. TD | ||
Happiness_Female Face | 4.57 ± 1.764 | 5.24 ± 1.44 | 3.24 ± 1.31 | p < 0.01 | p < 0.05 | 0.243 |
Disgust_Male Face | 5.09 ± 1.05 | 5.23 ± 1.72 | 4.14 ± 1.55 | p < 0.05 | p < 0.05 | 0.104 |
Surprise_Male Face | 4.73 ± 1.43 | 5.56 ± 0.86 | 4.75 ± 1.19 | p < 0.05 | Not significant | 0.103 |
Anger_Female Face | 4.71 ± 1.43 | 5.83 ± 1.13 | 4.54 ± 1.30 | p < 0.01 | p < 0.05 | 0.173 |
Fear_Female Face | 5.66 ± 1.56 | 6.62 ± 0.75 | 5.31 ± 1.43 | p < 0.01 | Not significant | 0.161 |
Happiness_Male Face | 4.01 ± 1.06 | 5.09 ± 1.24 | 4.22 ± 0.82 | p < 0.01 | p < 0.05 | 0.170 |
Anger_Male Face | 4.86 ± 1.66 | 5.95 ± 1.07 | 5.14 ± 1.11 | p < 0.05 | p < 0.05 | 0.115 |
Surprise_Female Face | 3.66 ± 1.01 | 4.54 ± 1.41 | 3.61 ± 0.83 | p < 0.05 | Not significant | 0.136 |
Disgust_Female Face | 4.39 ± 1.15 | 5.29 ± 1.44 | 4.06 ± 1.06 | p < 0.01 | p < 0.05 | 0.159 |
Feeling of Cartoon Face | Groups | Comparison | χ2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ADHD Mean ± SD | ASD Mean ± SD | TD Mean ± SD | ASD vs. TD | ADHD vs. TD | ||
Fear_Male Face | 3.56 ± 1.49 | 4.711 ± 1.823 | 3.13 ± 1.43 | p < 0.01 | p < 0.05 | 0.157 |
Sadness_Female Face | 3.42 ± 1.09 | 4.14 ± 1.3 | 2.97 ± 0.65 | p < 0.01 | p < 0.05 | 0.184 |
Anger_Female Face | 3.04 ± 0.93 | 4.46 ± 2.17 | 3.09 ± 1.07 | p < 0.01 | Not significant | 0.167 |
Happiness_Male Face | 2.73 ± 0.8 | 3.71 ± 2 | 2.35 ± 0.49 | p < 0.01 | p < 0.05 | 0.176 |
Disgust_Female Face | 3.57 ± 1.54 | 4.7 ± 2.12 | 3.07 ± 1.24 | p < 0.01 | p < 0.05 | 0.149 |
Surprise _Female Face | 3.46 ± 1.05 | 4.07 ± 1.91 | 2.97 ± 0.65 | p < 0.01 | p < 0.05 | 0.111 |
Sadness_Male Face | 3.54 ± 1.4 | 4.1 ± 1.91 | 2.8 ± 0.542 | p < 0.01 | p < 0.05 | 0.132 |
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Greco, C.; Romani, M.; Berardi, A.; De Vita, G.; Galeoto, G.; Giovannone, F.; Vigliante, M.; Sogos, C. Morphing Task: The Emotion Recognition Process in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 13273. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413273
Greco C, Romani M, Berardi A, De Vita G, Galeoto G, Giovannone F, Vigliante M, Sogos C. Morphing Task: The Emotion Recognition Process in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(24):13273. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413273
Chicago/Turabian StyleGreco, Cristina, Maria Romani, Anna Berardi, Gloria De Vita, Giovanni Galeoto, Federica Giovannone, Miriam Vigliante, and Carla Sogos. 2021. "Morphing Task: The Emotion Recognition Process in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 24: 13273. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413273