Polish Pharmacy Students’ Readiness, Qualifications, Competences, Relevance, Motivation and Effectiveness to Promote Health in Community Pharmacies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Group
2.2. Survey Questionnaires
2.3. The Questionnaire of Readiness to Promote Health in Pharmacies
2.4. The Questionnaire of Qualifications, Competences, Relevance, Motivation and Effectiveness of Health Promotion in Pharmacies
- How do you assess your qualifications (knowledge and skills) to promote health in a pharmacy in the following items?
- How do you assess your formal competences (an individual’s capacity to perform job responsibilities) to promote health in a pharmacy in the following items?
- How do you assess relevance of health promotion in a pharmacy in the following items?
- How do you assess your motivations to promote health in a pharmacy in the following items?
- How do you assess your effectiveness in health promotion in a pharmacy in the following items?
2.5. Statistical Methods
- one sample t test against a value of 5.5 to check whether assessment of a item, a subdomain or a domain of health promotion is neutral or statistically significantly positive or significantly negative;
- two paired samples t test to compare readiness to promote health between at a workplace and in a local community.
3. Results
3.1. Pharmacy Students’ Assessment of Readiness to Promote Health in Pharmacies
3.2. Pharmacy Students’ Assessment of Preparation, Competences, Relevance, Motivation and Effectiveness of Health Promotion in Pharmacies
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Assessment of Readiness to Health Promotion | Cronbach’s Alpha | Average Inter-Correlation Coefficient | M ± SD | p 1 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Overall score | 0.948 | 0.370 | 4.9 ± 1.3 | <0.001 |
Systemic solutions | 0.940 | 0.507 | 4.0 ± 1.3 | <0.001 |
Readiness as a professional group | 0.909 | 0.537 | 5.0 ± 1.6 | <0.001 |
Personal readiness | 0.900 | 0.611 | 5.8 ± 1.7 | 0.032 |
Question | M ± SD | p 1 |
---|---|---|
Is there a clearly defined (in your professional environment of pharmacists) concept of health promotion that includes prevention, local health policy and health education? | 5.1 ± 1.9 | 0.001 |
Are there institutions or organizations that provide professional training for pharmacists in the area of health promotion, including health education? | 4.7 ± 1.9 | <0.001 |
Are there clear regulations that define and support a role of pharmacists in health promotion? | 4.6 ± 1.9 | <0.001 |
Is implementation of executive regulations and other guidelines for pharmacists in health promotion enforced by the pharmacy supervision body or professional associations? | 4.3 ± 2.1 | <0.001 |
Are there any institutions/organization that try in an orderly manner cooperate with pharmacists and support them in activities aimed at health promotion? | 4.3 ± 1.8 | <0.001 |
Do pharmacists have a working concept of coordinated activities aimed at assessing quality and effectiveness of health promotion activities performed by them? | 4.1 ± 1.7 | <0.001 |
Are there among pharmacists on a regional and local level people who may be considered spokespersons or leaders of the “Pharmacy promoting health” concept? | 4.1 ± 1.9 | <0.001 |
Is there any coordinated work among pharmacists on strategy for health promotion by pharmacists on a regional, local and institutional level? | 4.0 ± 1.9 | <0.001 |
Is there an effective system of support for pharmacists that delivers technical concepts for health promotion, technical support and information materials? | 3.9 ± 1.7 | <0.001 |
Does pharmacy professional association take actions aimed at improving competences of pharmacists as health promoters and at setting legal-organizational framework for such activities? | 3.9 ± 1.8 | <0.001 |
Do pharmacists have benchmark solutions for activities aimed at health promotion that can be used to work out their own health-educational programs? | 3.8 ± 1.7 | <0.001 |
Is it a common practice among pharmacists to use results of epidemiological and demographic research to plan activities in the area of health promotion and information? | 3.6 ± 1.8 | <0.001 |
Is there cooperation between local communities, local and central administration, and pharmacists focused on prophylactics/prevention of drug dependence and addiction, and on monitoring self-treatment? | 3.6 ± 2.1 | <0.001 |
Is there a system of financial support for pharmacies in performing health promotion activities, including health education, at workplace? | 3.4 ± 1.8 | <0.001 |
Is there a system of financial support for pharmacies in performing health promotion activities, including health education, in local communities? | 3.4 ± 1.7 | <0.001 |
Does pharmacy professional association take any action aimed at setting a financial framework for health promotion? | 3.3 ± 1.7 | <0.001 |
Question | At a Workplace | In a Local Community | Workplace vs. Local Community | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
M ± SD | p 1 | M ± SD | p 1 | p 2 | |
Are pharmacists ready to promote health and health education in terms of their knowledge? | 5.8 ± 2.3 | 0.043 | 5.6 ± 2.3 | 0.372 | 0.008 |
Do pharmacists show positive motivation for active involvement in health promotion and health education? | 5.5 ± 2.2 | 0.872 | 5.5 ± 2.1 | 0.769 | 0.808 |
Are pharmacists ready to promote health and health education in terms of methodology (objectives, forms, methods, influencing, methods of diagnosing patient/client, methods of evaluation and other)? | 5.4 ± 2.1 | 0.718 | 5.3 ± 2.1 | 0.144 | 0.019 |
Do pharmacists initiate activities aimed at increasing their readiness to promote health? | 4.9 ± 1.9 | <0.001 | 4.8 ± 2.0 | <0.001 | 0.300 |
Do pharmacists have appropriate conditions (premises, organizational, interpersonal) to promote health and health education? | 3.9 ± 1.9 | <0.001 | 3.7 ± 1.9 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Question | M ± SD | p 1 |
---|---|---|
Do you think you are ready to recognize and meet health expectations of patients/pharmacy clients to a larger extent than it is necessary for regular buy/sell relations? | 6.2 ± 2.3 | <0.001 |
Is level of your readiness to promote health at your workplace sufficient for effective actions? | 5.9 ± 2.1 | 0.005 |
Is level of your readiness to promote health at your local community sufficient for effective actions? | 5.9 ± 2.0 | 0.012 |
Do social attitude and personal relationships at workplace favor health promotion and health education? | 5.7 ± 2.2 | 0.337 |
Do you think you are effective at health promotion? | 5.7 ± 2.1 | 0.150 |
Do you have appropriate premises and organizational setting for health promotion activities? | 5.2 ± 2.3 | 0.100 |
Domain | Subdomain | Cronbach’s Alpha | Average Inter-Correlation Coefficient | M ± SD | p 1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Qualifications | Overall score | 0.980 | 0.590 | 6.5 ± 1.6 | <0.001 |
Health knowledge | 0.924 | 0.534 | 6.6 ± 1.5 | <0.001 | |
Disease prevention | 0.966 | 0.766 | 6.2 ± 1.9 | <0.001 | |
Coping with health problems | 0.974 | 0.713 | 6.6 ± 1.9 | <0.001 | |
Competences | Overall score | 0.988 | 0.708 | 6.0 ± 1.9 | <0.001 |
Health knowledge | 0.971 | 0.756 | 6.0 ± 1.9 | <0.001 | |
Disease prevention | 0.969 | 0.786 | 5.9 ± 2.0 | 0.004 | |
Coping with health problems | 0.984 | 0.799 | 6.2 ± 2.1 | <0.001 | |
Relevance | Overall score | 0.988 | 0.714 | 7.4 ± 1.8 | <0.001 |
Health knowledge | 0.966 | 0.731 | 7.4 ± 1.9 | <0.001 | |
Disease prevention | 0.979 | 0.841 | 7.5 ± 1.9 | <0.001 | |
Coping with health problems | 0.984 | 0.799 | 7.2 ± 1.9 | <0.001 | |
Motivation | Overall score | 0.992 | 0.775 | 7.1 ± 1.9 | <0.001 |
Health knowledge | 0.974 | 0.782 | 7.1 ± 2.0 | <0.001 | |
Disease prevention | 0.977 | 0.832 | 7.2 ± 2.0 | <0.001 | |
Coping with health problems | 0.985 | 0.814 | 7.0 ± 2.0 | <0.001 | |
Effectiveness | Overall score | 0.990 | 0.746 | 6.4 ± 1.8 | <0.001 |
Health knowledge | 0.972 | 0.767 | 6.4 ± 1.8 | <0.001 | |
Disease prevention | 0.976 | 0.828 | 6.3 ± 1.9 | <0.001 | |
Coping with health problems | 0.983 | 0.763 | 6.4 ± 2.0 | <0.001 |
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Raczkiewicz, D.; Kobuszewski, B.; Sarecka-Hujar, B.; Pawełczak-Barszczowska, A.; Bojar, I. Polish Pharmacy Students’ Readiness, Qualifications, Competences, Relevance, Motivation and Effectiveness to Promote Health in Community Pharmacies. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 13227. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413227
Raczkiewicz D, Kobuszewski B, Sarecka-Hujar B, Pawełczak-Barszczowska A, Bojar I. Polish Pharmacy Students’ Readiness, Qualifications, Competences, Relevance, Motivation and Effectiveness to Promote Health in Community Pharmacies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(24):13227. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413227
Chicago/Turabian StyleRaczkiewicz, Dorota, Bartosz Kobuszewski, Beata Sarecka-Hujar, Adrianna Pawełczak-Barszczowska, and Iwona Bojar. 2021. "Polish Pharmacy Students’ Readiness, Qualifications, Competences, Relevance, Motivation and Effectiveness to Promote Health in Community Pharmacies" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 24: 13227. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413227
APA StyleRaczkiewicz, D., Kobuszewski, B., Sarecka-Hujar, B., Pawełczak-Barszczowska, A., & Bojar, I. (2021). Polish Pharmacy Students’ Readiness, Qualifications, Competences, Relevance, Motivation and Effectiveness to Promote Health in Community Pharmacies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(24), 13227. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413227