Moving around a Large City in Latin America: The Mobility Challenges Faced by Older Adults with Disabilities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Sample
2.2. Measures
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Studied Population
3.2. Urban Environmental Factors
3.3. Relationship between Urban Environmental Factors and the Need for Help to Move in the Community
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Weighted Sample | Unweighted Sample | Need Help Move in the Community b | Significance Level | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | ||||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
109,316 | 100 | 513 | 100 | 269 | 52.5 | 243 | 47.5 | ||
Sociodemographic | |||||||||
Age (65–99) (M ± 1 SD) a | 79.8 ± 8.11 | 79.3 ± 8.3 | 77.6 ± 7.5 | 81.2 ± 8.6 | p < 0.001 (U) | ||||
Sex | p < 0.001 (χ2) | ||||||||
Women | 72,498 | 66.3 | 328 | 63.9 | 151 | 46.2 | 176 | 53.8 | |
Men | 36,818 | 33.7 | 185 | 36.1 | 118 | 63.8 | 67 | 36.2 | |
Education level | p = 0.001 (χ2) | ||||||||
Primary or lower | 31,785 | 29.1 | 165 | 32.2 | 69 | 42.1 | 95 | 57.9 | |
Secondary or higher | 77,531 | 70.9 | 348 | 67.8 | 200 | 57.5 | 148 | 42.5 | |
Homeowner | p = 0.004 (χ2) | ||||||||
No | 22,204 | 20.4 | 111 | 21.7 | 45 | 40.5 | 66 | 59.5 | |
Yes | 86,852 | 79.6 | 401 | 78.3 | 224 | 56.0 | 176 | 44.0 | |
Living alone | p = 0.572 (χ2) | ||||||||
No | 64,702 | 59.2 | 333 | 64.9 | 178 | 53.5 | 155 | 46.5 | |
Yes | 44,614 | 40.8 | 180 | 35.1 | 91 | 50.8 | 88 | 49.2 | |
Health | |||||||||
Self-perceived health status (1–6) | 3.5 ± 0.9 | 3.5 ± 0.9 | 3.6 ± 0.9 | 3.3 ± 0.8 | p < 0.001 (U) | ||||
Number of disabilities (1–5) | 1.7 ± 1.0 | 1.7 ± 0.9 | 1.3 ± 0.7 | 2.0 ± 1.1 | p < 0.001 (U) | ||||
Problems or obstacles | |||||||||
Transportation | |||||||||
Bus | p < 0.001 (χ2) | ||||||||
No | 41,136 | 37.6 | 197 | 38.4 | 152 | 77.6 | 44 | 22.4 | |
Yes | 68,180 | 62.4 | 316 | 61.6 | 117 | 37.0 | 199 | 63.0 | |
Subway | p < 0.001 (χ2) | ||||||||
No | 49,127 | 44.9 | 231 | 45.0 | 175 | 76.1 | 55 | 23.9 | |
Yes | 60,189 | 55.1 | 282 | 55.0 | 94 | 33.3 | 188 | 66.7 | |
Train | p < 0.001 (χ2) | ||||||||
No | 53,388 | 49.0 | 249 | 48.6 | 187 | 75.4 | 61 | 24.6 | |
Yes | 55,622 | 51.0 | 263 | 51.4 | 82 | 31.2 | 181 | 68.8 | |
Outdoor spaces | |||||||||
Ramps | p < 0.001 (χ2) | ||||||||
No | 74,177 | 67.9 | 351 | 68.4 | 228 | 65.1 | 122 | 34.9 | |
Yes | 35,139 | 32.1 | 162 | 31.6 | 41 | 25.3 | 121 | 74.7 | |
Sidewalks | p < 0.001 (χ2) | ||||||||
No | 51,035 | 46.7 | 245 | 47.8 | 180 | 73.8 | 64 | 26.2 | |
Yes | 58,281 | 53.3 | 268 | 52.2 | 89 | 33.2 | 179 | 66.8 | |
Parks and squares | p < 0.001 (χ2) | ||||||||
No | 73,561 | 67.3 | 345 | 67.3 | 225 | 65.4 | 119 | 34.6 | |
Yes | 35,755 | 32.7 | 168 | 32.7 | 44 | 26.2 | 124 | 73.8 | |
Information | |||||||||
Information and signage | p < 0.001 (χ2) | ||||||||
No | 87,061 | 79.6 | 410 | 79.9 | 246 | 60.1 | 163 | 39.9 | |
Yes | 22,255 | 20.4 | 103 | 20.1 | 23 | 22.3 | 80 | 77.7 | |
Information screens | p < 0.001 (χ2) | ||||||||
No | 90,012 | 82.3 | 429 | 83.6 | 254 | 59.3 | 174 | 40.7 | |
Yes | 19,304 | 17.7 | 84 | 16.4 | 15 | 17.9 | 69 | 82.1 | |
Traffic lights | p < 0.001 (χ2) | ||||||||
No | 88,784 | 81.2 | 421 | 82.1 | 251 | 59.8 | 169 | 40.2 | |
Yes | 20,532 | 18.8 | 92 | 17.9 | 18 | 19.6 | 74 | 80.4 |
Problems or Obstacles to Accessing or Using | Components and Loadings | Communalities | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Transportation | Information | Outdoor Spaces | ||
Bus | 0.892 | 0.114 | 0.203 | 0.850 |
Subway | 0.906 | 0.149 | 0.249 | 0.905 |
Train | 0.900 | 0.169 | 0.232 | 0.892 |
Information and signage | 0.098 | 0.896 | 0.193 | 0.850 |
Information screens | 0.134 | 0.809 | 0.178 | 0.704 |
Traffic lights | 0.163 | 0.859 | 0.204 | 0.806 |
Ramps | 0.187 | 0.310 | 0.801 | 0.772 |
Sidewalks | 0.350 | 0.076 | 0.786 | 0.745 |
Parks and squares | 0.186 | 0.272 | 0.839 | 0.812 |
Percentage variance explained | 51.42 | 18.72 | 11.37 | 81.51 |
Variables | Exp (β) | 95 % IC Exp (β) | |
---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | ||
Age | 1.04 | 1.01 | 1.07 * |
Sex (reference: men) | |||
Women | 1.62 | 1.01 | 2.60 * |
Education level (reference: secondary of higher) | |||
Primary or lower | 1.23 | 0.78 | 1.94 |
Homeowner (reference: yes) | |||
No | 1.60 | 0.94 | 2.71 |
Living alone (reference: no) | |||
Yes | 0.97 | 0.60 | 1.54 |
Self-perceived health status (1–6) | 0.90 | 0.69 | 1.17 |
Number of disabilities (1–5) | 1.52 | 1.15 | 2.00 ** |
Transportation factor | 2.00 | 1.61 | 2.49 *** |
Outdoor spaces factor | 1.68 | 1.30 | 2.16 *** |
Information factor | 1.89 | 1.52 | 2.34 *** |
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Prieto-Flores, M.-E.; Rosenberg, M.W. Moving around a Large City in Latin America: The Mobility Challenges Faced by Older Adults with Disabilities. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 12984. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182412984
Prieto-Flores M-E, Rosenberg MW. Moving around a Large City in Latin America: The Mobility Challenges Faced by Older Adults with Disabilities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(24):12984. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182412984
Chicago/Turabian StylePrieto-Flores, María-Eugenia, and Mark W. Rosenberg. 2021. "Moving around a Large City in Latin America: The Mobility Challenges Faced by Older Adults with Disabilities" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 24: 12984. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182412984