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Volume 18
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Article

Exclusive and Dual Cigarette and Hookah Smoking Is Associated with Adverse Perinatal Outcomes among Pregnant Women in Cairo, Egypt

by
Omar El-Shahawy
1,2,*,
Kareem Labib
3,
Elizabeth Stevens
1,
Linda G. Kahn
4,
Wagida Anwar
5,
Cheryl Oncken
6,
Tom Loney
7,
Scott E. Sherman
1 and
Erin L. Mead-Morse
6
1
Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
2
School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY 10013, USA
3
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11517, Egypt
4
Departments of Pediatrics and Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
5
Department of Community and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11517, Egypt
6
Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
7
College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Heath Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(24), 12974; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182412974
Submission received: 3 September 2021 / Revised: 30 November 2021 / Accepted: 1 December 2021 / Published: 9 December 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polytobacco and Alternative Tobacco Product Use in Young Adults)
Versions Notes

Abstract

This study assessed the prevalence of prenatal smoking, factors associated with prenatal smoking, and its association with birth outcomes in a sample of pregnant women in Egypt. Pregnant women were recruited during their last trimester from antenatal clinics in Cairo from June 2015 to May 2016. Participants completed an interviewer-administered survey that assessed tobacco use and attitudes, and exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) was measured. Gestational age at delivery and offspring birth weight were collected via a postnatal phone interview. Two hundred pregnant women ages 16–37 years participated. More than a quarter (29.0%) of women reported smoking (cigarettes, hookah, or both) during their current pregnancy, and hookah was more popular than cigarettes. Most women who smoked prior to their current pregnancy either maintained their current smoking habits (46.6%) or switched from dual to hookah-only smoking (46.6%). Current smokers during pregnancy had a higher mean (±SD) exhaled CO level (2.97 ± 1.45 vs. 0.25 ± 0.60 ppm, p < 0.001) and had babies with a lower mean birth weight (2583 ± 300 vs. 2991 ± 478 g, p < 0.001) than non-smokers. Smokers during pregnancy had greater odds of premature birth and/or low birth weight babies compared to non-smokers. Dual cigarette-hookah smokers had the highest risk. Additional focused programs are required to prevent women of childbearing age from initiating tobacco use and empower women to stop tobacco use during the preconception and gestational periods.
Keywords: birth outcomes; Egypt; fetal growth retardation; hookah; smoking; pregnancy; smoking water pipes birth outcomes; Egypt; fetal growth retardation; hookah; smoking; pregnancy; smoking water pipes

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

El-Shahawy, O.; Labib, K.; Stevens, E.; Kahn, L.G.; Anwar, W.; Oncken, C.; Loney, T.; Sherman, S.E.; Mead-Morse, E.L. Exclusive and Dual Cigarette and Hookah Smoking Is Associated with Adverse Perinatal Outcomes among Pregnant Women in Cairo, Egypt. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 12974. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182412974

AMA Style

El-Shahawy O, Labib K, Stevens E, Kahn LG, Anwar W, Oncken C, Loney T, Sherman SE, Mead-Morse EL. Exclusive and Dual Cigarette and Hookah Smoking Is Associated with Adverse Perinatal Outcomes among Pregnant Women in Cairo, Egypt. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(24):12974. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182412974

Chicago/Turabian Style

El-Shahawy, Omar, Kareem Labib, Elizabeth Stevens, Linda G. Kahn, Wagida Anwar, Cheryl Oncken, Tom Loney, Scott E. Sherman, and Erin L. Mead-Morse. 2021. "Exclusive and Dual Cigarette and Hookah Smoking Is Associated with Adverse Perinatal Outcomes among Pregnant Women in Cairo, Egypt" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 24: 12974. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182412974

APA Style

El-Shahawy, O., Labib, K., Stevens, E., Kahn, L. G., Anwar, W., Oncken, C., Loney, T., Sherman, S. E., & Mead-Morse, E. L. (2021). Exclusive and Dual Cigarette and Hookah Smoking Is Associated with Adverse Perinatal Outcomes among Pregnant Women in Cairo, Egypt. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(24), 12974. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182412974

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