Influential Factors for Sustainable Intention to Visit a National Park during COVID-19: The Extended Theory of Planned Behavior with Perception of Risk and Coping Behavior
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. COVID-19 and Perception of Risk
2.2. Extended Theory of Planned Behavior
2.3. Coping Behavior
3. Methods
3.1. Research Model and Hypotheses
3.2. Data Collection and Analytical Methods
3.2.1. Instrument
3.2.2. Data Collection and Statistical Tools
4. Results
4.1. Demographic Information of the Sample
4.2. Validity and Reliability of Measurements
4.3. Testing the Hypotheses
4.4. Testing the Research Model Fit
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item | n (%) | Item | n (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 178 (50.7) | Educational level | Under high school | 16 (10.2) |
Female | 173 (49.3) | 2-year college | 37 (25.2) | ||
Age | 20s | 75 (21.4) | 4-year college | 80 (55.4) | |
30s | 54 (15.4) | graduate | 14 (9.5) | ||
40s | 71 (20.2) | Residence | Seoul | 8 (5.4) | |
50s | 91 (25.9) | Busan | 11 (7.5) | ||
More than 60s | 60 (17.1) | Daegu | 12 (8.2) | ||
Monthly income | Less than 1000 USD | 4 (1.1) | Incheon | 5 (3.4) | |
1000–2000 USD | 13 (3.7) | Gwangju | 7 (4.8) | ||
2000–3000 USD | 54 (15.4) | Daejeon | 8 (5.4) | ||
3000–4000 USD | 67 (19.1) | Ulsan | 6 (4.1) | ||
4000–5000 USD | 83 (23.6) | Kyounggi | 12 (8.2) | ||
More than 5000 USD | 130 (37.0) | Kangwon | 3 (2.0) | ||
Occupation | Self-employer | 41 (11.7) | Chungbuk | 4 (2.7) | |
Professional | 52 (14.8) | Chungnam | 8 (5.4) | ||
Official | 44 (12.5) | Jeonbuk | 11 (7.5) | ||
Farmer/fisherman | 14 (4.0) | Jeonnam | 13 (8.8) | ||
Student | 33 (9.4) | Kyungbuk | 5 (3.4) | ||
Housewife | 52 (14.8) | Kyungnam | 30 (20.4) | ||
Employee | 83 (23.6) | Jeju | 1 (0.7) | ||
Others | 32 (9.1) | Sejong | 3 (2.0) |
Factor | Items | S.E. | t | Standardized Coefficients | AVE | CR | Cronbach’s α |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perception of Risk for COVID-19 | Trails of the national park are not safe from COVID-19 | 0.080 | 11.705 *** | 0.652 | 0.609 | 0.861 | 0.812 |
There is insufficient information on visiting the national park under COVID-19 | 0.074 | 13.479 *** | 0.747 | ||||
There are concerns about the quarantine and hygiene conditions of indoor facilities such as restrooms and shelters in the national park | 0.084 | 14.743 *** | 0.839 | ||||
There are not enough tour programs where visitors can safely participate in under COVID-19 | - | - | 0.771 | ||||
Attitude | I like to visit the national park | 0.050 | 20.404 *** | 0.869 | 0.865 | 0.970 | 0.950 |
I am happy to visit the national park | 0.040 | 23.797 *** | 0.869 | ||||
I am positive about visiting the national park | 0.037 | 25.453 *** | 0.893 | ||||
Visiting the national park is worthwhile | 0.037 | 27.460 *** | 0.922 | ||||
Visiting the national park will give me good outcomes. | - | - | 0.896 | ||||
Subjective Norm | My family thinks positively about my visit to the national park | 0.045 | 18.073 *** | 0.768 | 0.837 | 0.968 | 0.950 |
My friends think positively about my visit to the national park | 0.041 | 23.588 *** | 0.880 | ||||
My acquaintances think positively about my visit to the national park | 0.040 | 25.202 *** | 0.907 | ||||
My family will want me to visit the national park | 0.042 | 23.257 *** | 0.874 | ||||
My friends will want me to visit the national park | - | - | 0.885 | ||||
My acquaintances will want me to visit the national park | 0.030 | 32.685 *** | 0.870 | ||||
Perceived Behavioral Control | I can visit the national park whenever I want | 0.088 | 13.907 *** | 0.798 | 0.636 | 0.897 | 0.865 |
I am financially able to afford to visit the national park | 0.077 | 13.735 *** | 0.787 | ||||
I have enough time to visit the national park | 0.088 | 13.460 *** | 0.770 | ||||
It is easy to learn necessary skills for visiting the national park | 0.086 | 11.929 *** | 0.680 | ||||
I can easily find the information about visiting the national park | - | - | 0.717 | ||||
Sustainable Intention to Visit | I will try to continue to visit the national park | 0.039 | 25.448 *** | 0.927 | 0.887 | 0.959 | 0.921 |
I will recommend visiting the national park to others | 0.036 | 22.871 *** | 0.873 | ||||
I am sure I will continue to visit the national park | - | - | 0.885 | ||||
Coping Behavior | I will choose trails that are expected to have fewer visitors. | 0.102 | 12.585 *** | 0.717 | 0.678 | 0.863 | 0.786 |
I will minimize to spend time where other visitors gather on trails | 0.113 | 11.687 *** | 0.849 | ||||
When visiting, I will try to comply with the rules on COVID-19 | - | - | 0.708 |
Category | Perception of Risk for COVID-19 | Attitude | Subjective Norms | Perceived Behavioral Control | Coping Behavior | Sustainable Intention to Visit | AVE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perception of Risk for COVID-19 | 1 | 0.609 | |||||
Attitude | −0.201 (0.040) | 1 | 0.865 | ||||
Subjective Norms | −0.100 (0.010) | 0.769 (0.591) | 1 | 0.837 | |||
Perceived Behavioral Control | −0.236 (0.056) | 0.667 (0.445) | 0.623 (0.388) | 1 | 0.636 | ||
Coping behavior | 0.122 (0.015) | 0.390 (0.152) | 0.402 (0.162) | 0.371 (0.138) | 1 | 0.678 | |
Sustainable Intention to visit | −0.114 (0.013) | 0.604 (0.365) | 0.620 (0.384) | 0.637 (0.406) | 0.567 (0.321) | 1 | 0.887 |
Path | Estimate | S.E. | t | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
H1 | Perception of Risk for COVID-19 → Attitude | −0.202 | 0.061 | −3.410 *** | 0.000 |
H2 | Perception of Risk for COVID-19 → Subjective Norm | −0.101 | 0.061 | −1716 | 0.086 |
H3 | Perception of Risk for COVID-19 → Perceived Behavioral Control | −0.233 | 0.055 | −3.755 *** | 0.000 |
H4 | Attitude → Coping Behavior | 0.187 | 0.059 | 2.184 * | 0.029 |
H5 | Subjective Norm → Coping Behavior | 0.304 | 0.057 | 3.685 *** | 0.000 |
H6 | Perceived Behavioral Control → Coping Behavior | 0.344 | 0.062 | 4.517 *** | 0.000 |
H7 | Coping Behavior → Sustainable Intention to Visit | 0.870 | 0.113 | 11.604 *** | 0.000 |
Model | Parsimonious Fit Index | Squared Multiple Correlations (SMC) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PGFI | PNFI | PCFI | AIC | |||
A | Perception of Risk for COVID-19 + Theory of Planned Behavior | 0.694 | 0.792 | 0.816 | 643.596 | 0.494 |
Goodness of fit for the model: χ2/df = 2.424, RMR = 0.027, CFI = 0.956, TLI = 0.948, RMSEA = 0.064, NFI = 0.928 | ||||||
B | Perception of Risk for COVID-19 + Theory of Planned Behavior + Coping Behavior | 0.698 | 0.787 | 0.816 | 797.152 | 0.756 |
Goodness of fit for the model: χ2/df = 2.341, RMR = 0.037, CFI = 0.950, TLI = 0.942, RMSEA = 0.062, NFI = 0.916 |
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Seong, B.-H.; Choi, Y.; Kim, H. Influential Factors for Sustainable Intention to Visit a National Park during COVID-19: The Extended Theory of Planned Behavior with Perception of Risk and Coping Behavior. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 12968. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182412968
Seong B-H, Choi Y, Kim H. Influential Factors for Sustainable Intention to Visit a National Park during COVID-19: The Extended Theory of Planned Behavior with Perception of Risk and Coping Behavior. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(24):12968. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182412968
Chicago/Turabian StyleSeong, Bo-Hyun, Youngseok Choi, and Hyojin Kim. 2021. "Influential Factors for Sustainable Intention to Visit a National Park during COVID-19: The Extended Theory of Planned Behavior with Perception of Risk and Coping Behavior" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 24: 12968. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182412968
APA StyleSeong, B. -H., Choi, Y., & Kim, H. (2021). Influential Factors for Sustainable Intention to Visit a National Park during COVID-19: The Extended Theory of Planned Behavior with Perception of Risk and Coping Behavior. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(24), 12968. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182412968