Classifying Adenomyosis: Progress and Challenges
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Epidemiology
3. Defining Adenomyosis
3.1. Histopathology
3.2. Imaging
- (a)
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- (b)
- Ultrasound imaging
4. Variant Forms Related to Adenomyosis
- (a)
- Uterine cystic adenomyosis
- (b)
- Other rare variants
5. Co-Existing Pathology
Relation between Adenomyosis and Endometriosis
6. Pathophysiology of Adenomyosis
7. Classifying Adenomyosis
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Reference | Descriptor |
---|---|
Microscopic field of view | |
Novak and Woodruff, 1979 | >1 high-power field. |
Parazzini et al., 1997 | >0.5 of low-power field |
Zaloudek and Hendrickson, 2002 | >0.5 of low-power field |
Gompel and Silverberg, 1985 | medium-power field (×100 lens) |
Owolabi and Strickler, 1977 | >low-power field |
Uterine wall thickness | |
Hendrickson and Kempson, 1980 | >1/4 of the total thickness |
Shaikh and Khan, 1990 | >1/3 to 1/4 of the total thickness |
Measurement in mm | |
Bergholt et al., 2001 | recommend 3 mm as cut-off |
Levgur et al., 2000 | ≥2.5 mm |
Reference | Categories/Basis of Classification |
---|---|
Histopathology | |
Bird et al. (1972) Sammour et al. (2002) | Depth of invasion within the mometrium Degree of involvement: Number of glands per low power field |
Siegler and Camilien (1994) Hulka et al. (2002) Vercellini et al. (2006) | Depth of penetration Degree of involvement Configuration: Diffuse, discrete. |
Levgur et al. (2000) | Depth of invasion |
Ultrasound based | |
Lazzeri et al. (2018) | Configuration Depth of lesion (affecting Junctional zone, inner, outer myometrium) |
MRI based | |
Grodts et al. (2008) | JZ hyperplasia Adenomyosis Adenomyoma |
Kishi et al. (2012) | Subtype I: Intrinsic: Inner uterine layer Subtype II: Extrinsic: Outer uterine layer (normal JZ) Subtype III: Solitary adenomyosis no connection to the JZ or to the serosa. Subtype IV: Indeterminate |
Kobayashi and Matsubara (2020) | Depth of lesion Configuration Size of lesion Localization of lesion Concomitant pathology |
Bazot and Daraï (2018) | A Internal adenomyosis Configuration B Adenomyomas Consistency C External adenomyosis Location Coexisting endometriosis |
Grimbizis et al. (2014) | Configuration Polypoid forms Special (rare forms) |
Features at surgery | |
Pistofidis et al. (2014) | Consistency |
Imaging based | |
Gordt et al. (2018) | Extent Localization Configuration Consistency Size |
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Habiba, M.; Benagiano, G. Classifying Adenomyosis: Progress and Challenges. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 12386. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312386
Habiba M, Benagiano G. Classifying Adenomyosis: Progress and Challenges. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(23):12386. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312386
Chicago/Turabian StyleHabiba, Marwan, and Giuseppe Benagiano. 2021. "Classifying Adenomyosis: Progress and Challenges" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 23: 12386. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312386