Mental Well-Being during COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study of Fly-In Fly-Out Workers in the Mining Industry in Australia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Measurements
2.3.1. Socio-Demographic Characteristics
2.3.2. Lifestyle Behaviours
2.3.3. Medical History
2.3.4. COVID-19 Exposure and Related Symptoms
2.3.5. Mental Well-Being
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Study Respondents
3.2. Mental Well-Being of FIFO Workers
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Frequency | Percent | Mental Well-Being Scores, m(sd) | f Statistics | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age in years | |||||
≤24 | 39 | 4.6 | 24.3 (5.2) | <0.001 * | |
25–34 | 174 | 20.7 | 23.8 (4.8) | F(4, 837) = 10.22 | |
35–44 | 207 | 24.6 | 24.2 (4.8) | ||
45–54 | 235 | 27.9 | 24.8 (4.0) | ||
≥55 | 187 | 22.2 | 26.6 (4.7) | ||
Sex | |||||
Male | 694 | 82.4 | 24.8 (4.7) | F(1, 840) = 0.06 | 0.802 |
Female | 148 | 17.6 | 24.7 (4.7) | ||
Ethnicity | |||||
Caucasian/White | 680 | 80.8 | 24.7 (4.5) | F(8, 833) = 2.27 | 0.132 |
Others | 162 | 7.1 | 25.3 (5.4) | ||
Place under quarantine | |||||
Yes | 54 | 6.4 | 23.6 (4.6) | F(1, 840) = 3.95 | 0.047 * |
No | 788 | 93.6 | 24.9 (4.7) | ||
Undertaken self-Isolation | |||||
Yes | 46 | 5.5 | 23.3 (4.8) | F(1, 840) = 4.91 | 0.027 * |
No | 796 | 94.5 | 24.9 (4.7) | ||
Tested for COVID-19 but the result was negative | |||||
Yes | 328 | 39.0 | 24.8 (4.8) | F(1, 840) = 0.03 | 0.861 |
No | 514 | 61.0 | 24.7 (4.5) | ||
Impacted by social distancing guidelines | |||||
Yes | 241 | 28.6 | 24.0 (4.0) | F(1, 840) = 10.02 | 0.002 * |
No | 601 | 71.4 | 25.1 (4.9) | ||
Any underlying condition | |||||
None | 493 | 58.5 | 24.7 (4.9) | ||
One condition | 216 | 25.7 | 25.1 (4.6) | F(2, 839) = 0.59 | 0.564 |
2 or more conditions | 133 | 15.8 | 24.7 (3.9) | ||
Family history of heart disease | |||||
Yes | 130 | 15.4 | 25.0 (4.5) | F(1, 840) = 0.30 | 0.583 |
No | 712 | 84.6 | 24.8 (4.7) | ||
Taking regular medication | |||||
Yes | 239 | 28.4 | 24.8 (4.5) | F(1, 840) = 0.00 | 0.983 |
No | 603 | 71.6 | 24.8 (4.8) | ||
COVID-19 related symptoms | |||||
None | 689 | 81.8 | 25.1 (4.8) | ||
One symptom | 75 | 8.9 | 23.6 (4.5) | F(2, 839) = 11.62 | <0.001 * |
2 or more symptoms | 78 | 9.3 | 22.8 (3.6) | ||
Smoking status | |||||
Yes | 280 | 33.2 | 24.7 (4.4) | F(1, 840) = 0.06 | 0.803 |
No | 562 | 66.8 | 24.8 (4.8) | ||
Alcohol intake | |||||
Current user | 642 | 76.2 | 24.7 (4.5) | ||
Former user | 106 | 12.6 | 24.7 (4.7) | F(2, 839) = 2.11 | 0.122 |
Never used | 94 | 11.2 | 25.7 (5.8) | ||
Moderate/vigorous exercise | |||||
Inadequate | 290 | 34.4 | 24.6 (4.8) | F(1, 840) = 0.64 | 0.424 |
Adequate | 552 | 65.6 | 24.9 (4.6) |
Parameters | β | SE | 95%CI | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | ||||
Age in years | |||||
≥55 | Ref | ||||
45–54 | −1.95 | 0.46 | −2.87 | −1.04 | <0.001 * |
35–44 | −2.03 | 0.50 | −3.00 | −1.05 | <0.001 * |
25–34 | −2.86 | 0.53 | −3.89 | −1.83 | <0.001 * |
≤24 | −2.27 | 0.86 | −3.96 | −0.59 | 0.008 * |
Sex | |||||
Male | Ref | ||||
Female | 0.14 | 0.43 | −0.71 | 0.99 | 0.744 |
Ethnicity | |||||
Caucasian/White | Ref | ||||
Other | 0.46 | 0.43 | −0.38 | 1.30 | 0.283 |
Place under quarantine | |||||
No | Ref | ||||
Yes | −1.42 | 0.68 | −2.75 | −0.09 | 0.037 * |
Undertaken self-Isolation | |||||
No | Ref | ||||
Yes | −0.11 | 0.74 | −1.57 | 1.35 | 0.878 |
Tested for COVID-19 but the result was negative | |||||
No | Ref | ||||
Yes | 0.28 | 0.34 | −0.38 | 0.93 | 0.408 |
Impacted by social distancing guidelines | |||||
No | Ref | ||||
Yes | −0.73 | 0.37 | −1.46 | 0.001 | 0.051 |
Any underlying condition | |||||
None | Ref | ||||
One condition | 0.56 | 0.41 | −0.25 | 1.37 | 0.178 |
2 or more conditions | −0.20 | 0.53 | −1.24 | 0.85 | 0.712 |
Family history of heart disease | |||||
No | Ref | ||||
Yes | −0.39 | 1.38 | −3.10 | 2.32 | 0.779 |
Taking regular medication | |||||
No | Ref | ||||
Yes | −0.54 | 0.42 | −1.36 | 0.28 | 0.196 |
COVID-19 related symptoms | |||||
None | Ref | ||||
One symptom | −0.92 | 0.58 | −2.06 | 0.21 | 0.109 |
2 or more symptoms | −1.97 | 0.57 | −3.09 | −0.86 | 0.001 * |
Smoking status | |||||
No | Ref | ||||
Yes | −0.22 | 0.35 | −0.91 | 0.45 | 0.529 |
Alcohol intake | |||||
Never used | Ref | ||||
Former user | −0.94 | 0.67 | −2.26 | 0.39 | 0.165 |
Current user | 0.69 | 0.54 | −1.76 | 0.37 | 0.203 |
Moderate/vigorous exercise | |||||
Inadequate | Ref | ||||
Adequate | 0.37 | 0.34 | −0.30 | 1.04 | 0.282 |
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Asare, B.Y.-A.; Thomas, E.; Affandi, J.S.; Schammer, M.; Brown, P.; Pilbeam, M.; Harris, C.; Ellison, C.; Kwasnicka, D.; Powell, D.; et al. Mental Well-Being during COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study of Fly-In Fly-Out Workers in the Mining Industry in Australia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 12264. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212264
Asare BY-A, Thomas E, Affandi JS, Schammer M, Brown P, Pilbeam M, Harris C, Ellison C, Kwasnicka D, Powell D, et al. Mental Well-Being during COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study of Fly-In Fly-Out Workers in the Mining Industry in Australia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(22):12264. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212264
Chicago/Turabian StyleAsare, Bernard Yeboah-Asiamah, Elizabeth Thomas, Jacquita S. Affandi, Myles Schammer, Paul Brown, Matthew Pilbeam, Chris Harris, Chris Ellison, Dominika Kwasnicka, Daniel Powell, and et al. 2021. "Mental Well-Being during COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study of Fly-In Fly-Out Workers in the Mining Industry in Australia" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 22: 12264. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212264