A One Health Review of Community-Acquired Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia coli in India
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. AR-E in Humans
3.2. AR-E in Animals
3.3. AR-E in the Environment
3.4. AR-E in Interdisciplinary Studies
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Humans (Enterobacteriaceae[MeSH Major Topic] OR (Enterobacteriaceae*[tiab] OR Gram negative bacteri*[tiab] OR E. coli [tiab]OR Escherischia*[tiab] OR Klebsiella*[tiab] OR Salmonella[tiab] OR Proteus[tiab] OR Enterobacter[tiab] OR Shigella[tiab] OR Citrobacter[tiab] OR Yersinia[tiab] OR gut flora[tiab] OR Morganella[tiab])) AND (Drug Resistance, Bacterial [MeSH Major Topic] OR Drug resistan*[tiab] OR Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase[tiab] OR ESBL[tiab] OR Cephalosporinase[tiab] OR beta-lactamase[tiab] OR Carbapenem[tiab] OR Cephalosporin[tiab] OR colistin[tiab] OR antibiotic*[tiab] OR antimicrob*[tiab]) AND (resistan*[tiab]) AND (human*[tiab] OR community acquired OR community-acquired) AND (india) |
Animals (Enterobacteriaceae[MeSH Major Topic] OR (Enterobacteriaceae*[tiab] OR Gram negative bacteri*[tiab] OR E. coli [tiab]OR Escherischia*[tiab] OR Klebsiella*[tiab] OR Salmonella[tiab] OR Proteus[tiab] OR Enterobacter[tiab] OR Shigella[tiab] OR Citrobacter[tiab] OR Yersinia[tiab] OR gut flora[tiab] OR Morganella[tiab])) AND (Drug Resistance, Bacterial[MeSH Major Topic] OR Drug resistan*[tiab] OR Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase[tiab] OR ESBL[tiab] OR Cephalosporinase[tiab] OR beta-lactamase[tiab] OR Carbapenem[tiab] OR Cephalosporin[tiab] OR colistin[tiab] OR antibiotic*[tiab] OR antimicrob*[tiab]) AND (resistan*[tiab]) AND (livestock*[tiab] OR poultry[tiab] OR cattle[tiab] OR cows[tiab] OR pets[tiab] OR chickens[tiab]) AND (india) |
Environment (Enterobacteriaceae[MeSH Major Topic] OR (Enterobacteriaceae*[tiab] OR Gram negative bacteri*[tiab] OR E. coli [tiab]OR Escherischia*[tiab] OR Klebsiella*[tiab] OR Salmonella[tiab] OR Proteus[tiab] OR Enterobacter[tiab] OR Shigella[tiab] OR Citrobacter[tiab] OR Yersinia[tiab] OR gut flora[tiab] OR Morganella[tiab])) AND (Drug Resistance, Bacterial[MeSH Major Topic] OR Drug resistan*[tiab] OR Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase[tiab] OR ESBL[tiab] OR Cephalosporinase[tiab] OR beta-lactamase[tiab] OR Carbapenem[tiab] OR Cephalosporin[tiab] OR colistin[tiab] OR antibiotic*[tiab] OR antimicrob*[tiab]) AND (resistan*[tiab]) AND (environment*[tiab] OR water) AND (india) |
Author | Location | Type of Study | Sample Size and Source | No. of Isolates * | Key Takeaways |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Manna et al. [8] | Kolkatta, West Bengal | Animal | Fecal samples from cows (n = 177) 7 | 14 strains of E. coli serotype O157 | 14 strains of E. coli serotype O157 were detected and isolated with shiga toxin genes found in all the isolates. |
Rasheed et al. [11] | Hyderabad | Interdisciplinary | Vegetables and food of animal origin (n = 150) 2 | 99 | E. coli with highest drug resistance were detected in raw chicken (23.3%), followed by vegetable salad (20%). |
Skariyachan et al. [16] | River Cauvery | Environmental | River water samples from 10 sites | 283 | 97% of E. coli isolated (n = 273) were completely resistant to all 30 antimicrobials tested. River Cauvery is a major source for potable water in Karnataka, India. |
Mathai et al. [25] | Vellore, India | Human | Urine culture of pregnant women *; sample size unspecified | 58 | Multiple integrons per isolate were detected with class 1 being more prevalent than class 2. 45% of the isolates were resistant to more than two groups of antimicrobials with a significant association with the presence of integrons. |
Kothari and Sagar [26] | Delhi | Human | Urine samples (n = 531) | 361 | E. coli was the most common pathogen associated with CA-UTI in women with the highest level of resistance to amoxicillin. |
Dash et al. [27] | Southern Odisha | Human | Adult urine samples (n = 1670) | 397 | E. coli showed highest resistance to ampicillin and least resistance to amikacin. |
Kothari et al. [28] | Delhi | Human | Stool samples of neonates (n = 75) | 219 | ESBL production increased threefold from days 1 to 60 in neonates with gene transmission, likely from mother to infant. |
Batabyal et al. [29] | West Bengal | Animal | Bovine milk (n = 182) | 22 | 12.1% of the milk samples contained E. coli. More than 50% of isolates were ESBL producers; all were resistant to cefotaxime. |
Lalruatdiki et al. [30] | Assam and Meghalaya | Animal | Fecal samples (n = 228) | 867 | Pig population was confirmed to carry multidrug-resistant and ESBL-producing E. coli with at least one of the three genes–blaCTX-M, blaTEM, and blaCMY. |
Singh et al. [31] | Mumbai | Animal | Fish and shellfish (n = 50) | 475 | More than 70% of the isolates were ESBL producers, which highlights the risk of AMR dissemination via the food chain. |
Vinayananda et al. [32] | Southern India | Animal | Eggs (n = 840) | 24 | Overall, E. coli occurred in 28.6% of the table eggs, with the highest level recorded in free-range eggs when compared to processed and unprocessed ones 11. |
Ram et al. [33] | River Ganga in Kanpur city | Environmental | Water samples from five sites | 75 | 24% of the isolates exhibited AMR. |
Ram et al. [34] | River Gomti, Lucknow | Environmental | Water samples from six sites | 81 | Water samples from five out of the six sites were contaminated with E. coli. 18 isolates were confirmed to be positive for virulence determinants of EHEC ###, 100% of which were resistant to at least one antimicrobial. |
Ram et al. [35] | River Saryu (Ghaghra) | Environmental | Water samples from three sites | 42 | Resistance to multiple antimicrobials was observed. 50.0% and 33.3% of E. coli isolates were resistant to tetracycline and neomycin, respectively. |
Ram et al. [36] | River Gomti | Environmental | Water samples from six sites | 90 | More than half of the total E. coli isolates were resistant to three or more antimicrobials. |
Maloo et al. [37] | Mumbai | Environmental | Water samples from five recreational beaches | 65 | 95% of these isolates were multidrug-resistant. The findings also suggest a potential high-risk source of contamination of coastal waters. |
Verma et al. [38] | Rajasthan | Environmental * | Vegetables/fruits (n = 520) | 73 | The overall prevalence rate ** of E. coli was observed to be 14%. Four of the 73 E. coli isolates were shiga toxin producers with the stx1/stx2/eae genes. |
Kaushik et al. [40] | Yamuna River | Environmental | Water samples | 141 | The study reported a high incidence of multidrug-resistant bacteria that correlated with the prevalence of integrons (Class 1 class 2 integrons detected in 32% of the isolates). |
Sahoo et al. [41] | Odisha, India | Interdisciplinary | Child stool samples, cow dung, and drinking water (n = 1251) 9 | 696 | 90% of the E. coli isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial. |
Warjri et al. [42] | Mizoram | Human | Human feces (n = 180) 1 | 333 | 22% of the E. coli isolated were confirmed ESBL-producers. 10% of the E. coli isolated were confirmed to harbor either blaCTX-M-1 or blaSHV genes. |
Bhoomika et al. [43] | Tribal districts of Chhattisgarh | Interdisciplinary | Human urine and stool samples (n = 60) and food of animal origin (n = 270) 3 (n = 330) | 191 | More than 50% of the samples were positive for E. coli; 74 E. coli isolates (from human and animal samples) were resistant to two or more antimicrobials. |
Hussain et al. [44] | Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra | Animal | Chicken samples (n = 120) 5 | 168 | E. coli contamination was lower in free-range chicken (15%) when compared to broiler chickens (78%). Moreover, E. coli from free-range chickens were resistant to fewer antimicrobial agents. |
Sukumaran et al. [46] | Cochin Estuary, Vembanadu Lake | Environmental | Water samples from five water stations | 75 | More than half of the isolates were MDR. Two E. coli isolates were resistant to more than seven antimicrobials and both contained class 1 integrons. |
Abhirosh et al. [47] | Vembanadu Lake | Environmental | Lake water samples from 10 locations | 33 | Multidrug resistance (i.e., resistance to three or more drugs) in E. coli was 100%. |
Mohanta and Goel [48] | Kolkatta and West Bengal | Environmental | Water samples | 163 ## | Prevalence of AMR was highest post-monsoon, followed by winter and summer, respectively. |
Gupta et al. [49] | Chandigarh, India | Human | Stool samples (n = 207) | 131 | ~70% of stool samples carried AR-E, and resistance to cephalosporins was common. Among the cephalosporin-resistant E. coli isolates, TEM was the most prevalent ESBL-encoding gene, followed by OXA. |
Chandran et al. [50] | Cochin Estuary, Vembanadu Lake | Environmental | Water samples from five stations | 81 | >95% of E. coli isolates exhibited multidrug resistance. |
Kumar et al. [51] | Mathura | Environmental | Water samples (n = 100) 4 | 1.08 log10 CFU mL−1 to 6.34 log10 CFU mL−1 # | Multidrug resistance was observed in both drinking water and river water samples. Resistance was highest against tetracycline, while most isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol. |
Batabyal and Mookerjee et al. [52] | Kolkatta | Environmental | Water samples (n = 411) | 88 E. coli of 25 serotypes | Approximately 20% of potable water harbored E. coli, with highest levels in pond water. |
Dhawde et al. [53] | River Mula-Mutha | Environmental | River water samples across eight sites | 219 | 28% of the E. coli were resistant to more than six antimicrobials, with 12% being resistant to all eight antimicrobials; 10% of the isolates were ESBL producers. |
Walsh et al. [54] | Delhi | Environmental | Water samples (n = 291) 6 | N/A | The blaNDM-1 gene was found in both seepage and tap water samples with serious implications for people using these sources for water consumption. This study looked for NDM-1 β-lactamase-producing bacteria in environmental samples and did not isolate E. coli. |
Naik et al. [55] | Mumbai | Animal | Fish (n = 15) | N/A | MAR was detected with high prevalence of AMR genes in fish. |
Divyashree et al. [56] | Mangalore | Environmental | Untreated wastewater (n = 45) | 31 | 17.3% of the total isolates (n = 179) were confirmed to be E. coli, an indicator of fecal contamination of seafood. |
Rayasam et al. [57] | Alibag | Environmental | Water samples from a drinking water distribution system (n = 147) | 104 | 100% of the E. coli isolates were resistant to ampicillin and 26% to two or more antimicrobials. 43% of the E. coli isolates belonged to STs archived as ExPEC or IPEC strains ###. |
Puii et al. [58] | North East India | Interdisciplinary | Water sources and fecal samples from piglets on pig farms (n = 219) 10 | 496 | 67.9% of the total E. coli isolates were ESBL producers, of which the majority came from piglets followed by humans. This study took a One Health approach to detecting E. coli. |
Mathai and Chandy et al. [59] | Vellore, India | Human | Urine cultures of women with UTI symptoms | 1095 | Among the commensal isolates, 42% were resistant to at least one antimicrobial. 8.4% of the isolates were resistant to the three most prescribed antimicrobials in the treatment of UTI, namely, ampicillin, co-trimoxazole, and nalidixic acid. This study suggested a direct link between antimicrobial use and AMR. |
Paul et al. [60] | City of Silchar, Assam | Environmental | Human sewage from 19 sites | 108 | This study revealed that the majority of resistant strains belonged to just three sequence types (STs), namely, ST167, ST410, and ST648. |
Purohit et al. [61] | River Kshipra | Environmental | Water and sediment samples (n = 216) 8 | 807 (river water) and 353 (river sediment) | The total count of E. coli was significantly higher during and post-bathing events. AMR was higher in river water versus sediment. |
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Rajagopal, K.; Chandy, S.J.; Graham, J.P. A One Health Review of Community-Acquired Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia coli in India. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 12089. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212089
Rajagopal K, Chandy SJ, Graham JP. A One Health Review of Community-Acquired Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia coli in India. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(22):12089. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212089
Chicago/Turabian StyleRajagopal, Keerthana, Sujith J. Chandy, and Jay P. Graham. 2021. "A One Health Review of Community-Acquired Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia coli in India" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 22: 12089. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212089