The Effectiveness of Intervening on Social Isolation to Reduce Mortality during Heat Waves in Aged Population: A Retrospective Ecological Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. The Intervention
2.2. Population
2.3. Measures or Variables
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
- Possible confounders not included in the analysis
- Population level mitigation measures
- Regional health systems’ capacities
- Number of phone calls from friends or neighbors in the general population
- Number of visits from friends or neighbors in the general population
- Frequency and duration of the above visits/calls
- Action performed by the visitors (bring food or medication, drive the partici-pants to medical appointments and/or to pharmacies to collect medications, drive respondents to go shopping)
- Illness distribution in the two populations
- Drug consumption in the two populations
- Causes of deaths in the two populations
- Impact of these factors on nursing home residents included in the study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Independent Variables | Controls | Intervention | Total | p | Distribution |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 20) | (n = 22) | (n = 42) | |||
Average population over 80 (2015–2019) | 720.2 [650.5; 1479.8] | 760.8 [602.4; 2146.7] | 720.2 [602.4; 1479.8] | 1.000 | non-normal |
Average age | 48.1 [47.6; 49.2] | 47.1 [47.0; 48.4] | 48.1 [47.1; 48.4] | 0.034 * | non-normal |
Percentage of population over 75 | 13.6 [12.3; 15.2] | 11.6 [10.9; 14.0] | 13.3 [11.6; 14.0] | 0.006 ** | non-normal |
Percentage of population over 90 | 11.2 [9.6; 11.7] | 8.8 [7.4; 11.4] | 9.6 [8.8; 11.4] | 0.001 | non-normal |
Ageing index × 100 (population > 65/population < 15) | 255.2 [240.6; 273.9] | 228.2 [219.0; 245.8] | 240.6 [228.2; 255.2] | 0.000 *** | non-normal |
Dependency index × 100 (population > 65 + population < 15 over total) | 55.7 [53.7; 56.6] | 52.6 [52.1; 57.3] | 55.7 [52.6; 57.3] | 0.366 | non-normal |
Masculinity index (man/women × 100) | 94.5 [87.3; 100.0] | 94.5 [83.0; 97.3] | 94.5 [84.8; 97.3] | 0.093 | non-normal |
Cadastral income (100 sq-meters) | 17.9 [16.4; 19.8] | 16.7 [13.7; 17.3] | 16.7 [16.4; 17.9] | 0.015 * | non-normal |
Winter mortality | 34.0 ± 10.9 | 36.4 ± 8.2 | 35.3 ± 9.5 | 0.464 | normal |
Variables | IRR | IRR | IRR | IRR | IRR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | 0.01 *** (0.01–0.01) | 0.01 *** (0.00–0.01) | 0.00 *** (0.00–0.01) | 0.10 *** (0.02–0.38) | 0.02 *** (0.01–0.04) |
group: Intervention | 0.76 * (0.59–0.98) | ||||
High heat wave level | 1.49 ** (1.11–2.03) | ||||
Winter mortality | 1.02 * (1.00–1.04) | ||||
Cadastral income (100 sq-meters) | 0.87 *** (0.80–0.94) | ||||
Proportion of people over 90 | 0.94 (0.85–1.03) | ||||
Observations | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 |
R2 Nagelkerke | 0.141 | 0.220 | 0.165 | 0.325 | 0.053 |
Variables | Excess Mortality Rate | |
---|---|---|
Incidence Rate Ratios | CI | |
(Intercept) | 1.82 | 0.21–14.55 |
group: Intervention | 0.44 *** | 0.32–0.60 |
High heat wave level | 1.57 ** | 1.16–2.17 |
Cadestral income | 0.77 *** | 0.70–0.85 |
Winter mortality | 1 | 0.98–1.02 |
Proportion of people over 90 | 0.92 | 0.84–1.01 |
Observations | 30 | |
R2 Nagelkerke | 0.802 |
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Share and Cite
Orlando, S.; Mosconi, C.; De Santo, C.; Emberti Gialloreti, L.; Inzerilli, M.C.; Madaro, O.; Mancinelli, S.; Ciccacci, F.; Marazzi, M.C.; Palombi, L.; et al. The Effectiveness of Intervening on Social Isolation to Reduce Mortality during Heat Waves in Aged Population: A Retrospective Ecological Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 11587. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111587
Orlando S, Mosconi C, De Santo C, Emberti Gialloreti L, Inzerilli MC, Madaro O, Mancinelli S, Ciccacci F, Marazzi MC, Palombi L, et al. The Effectiveness of Intervening on Social Isolation to Reduce Mortality during Heat Waves in Aged Population: A Retrospective Ecological Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(21):11587. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111587
Chicago/Turabian StyleOrlando, Stefano, Claudia Mosconi, Carolina De Santo, Leonardo Emberti Gialloreti, Maria Chiara Inzerilli, Olga Madaro, Sandro Mancinelli, Fausto Ciccacci, Maria Cristina Marazzi, Leonardo Palombi, and et al. 2021. "The Effectiveness of Intervening on Social Isolation to Reduce Mortality during Heat Waves in Aged Population: A Retrospective Ecological Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21: 11587. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111587