Recreational Exercising and Self-Reported Cardiometabolic Diseases in German People Living with HIV: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Exercise in PLWH
3.2. CVD in PLWH
3.3. Risk of Reporting a CVD after the HIV Diagnosis
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Implications for Research
7. Implications for Practice
8. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Overall | Sedentary | Exercise |
---|---|---|---|
n = 446 | n = 166 | n = 280 | |
Gender | |||
Female, n (%) | 31 (7) | 17 (10.2) | 14 (5) * |
Male, n (%) | 414 (92.8) | 148 (89.2) | 266 (95) * |
Other, n (%) | 3 (0.2) | 1 (0.6) | 0 |
Age (years), m (SD) | 44(10) | 46(11) | 43 (9) * |
Height (cm) | 180 (150–198) | 178 (156–197) | 180 (150 -198) |
Weight (kg) | 77 (50–178) | 77 (50–138) | 77 (52–178) |
BMI (kg·m2−1) | 23.7 (15.7–63) | 23.8 (15.7–41.6) | 23.6 (17–63) |
Years with HIV | 8 (1–32) | 7 (1–32) | 8 (1–32) |
ART | |||
Yes, n (%) | 412 (92.4) | 150 (90.4) | 262 (93.6) |
No, n (%) | 34 (7.6) | 16 (9.6) | 18 (6.4) |
CD4 cell count category | |||
Unknown, n (%) | 44 (9.9) | 17 (10.2) | 27 (9.6) |
>500 cell/µL, n (%) | 264 (59.2) | 82 (49.4) | 182 (65) * |
200–499 cell/µL, n (%) | 108 (24.2) | 48 (28.9) | 60 (21.4) |
<200 cell/µL, n (%) | 30 (6.7) | 19 (11.4) | 11 (3.9) * |
Exercise Characteristics | n = 280 |
---|---|
Frequency (days·week−1) | |
<2 | 33 (11.8) |
2–3 | 169 (60.3) |
>3 | 78 (27.9) |
Intensity (MET·min·day−1) | |
≤103 | 99 (35.3) |
104–190 | 86 (30.7) |
>190 | 95 (34) |
Time (h·week−1) | |
<2 | 59 (21.1) |
2–4 | 99 (35.4) |
>4 | 122 (43.5) |
Parameter | Sedentary | Exercise | Total | X2 | df | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 166 | n = 280 | |||||
Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 1.12 | 2 | >0.05° | |||
Pre-HIV | 2 (1.2) | 1 (0.3) | 3 | |||
Post-HIV | 4 (2.4) | 7 (2.5) | 11 | |||
Diabetes, n (%) | 0.61 | 2 | >0.05° | |||
Pre-HIV | 1(0.6) | 0 | 1 | |||
Post-HIV | 2 (1.2) | 1 (0.3) | 3 | |||
Lipodystrophy, n (%) | 0.08 | 1 | >0.05 | |||
Post-HIV | 4 (2.4) | 8 (2.8) | 12 | |||
Hypertension, n (%) | 0.43 | 2 | >0.05 | |||
Pre-HIV | 10 (6) | 14 (5) | 24 | |||
Post-HIV | 8 (4.8) | 11 (3.9) | 19 | |||
Atherosclerosis, n (%) | 5.67 | 2 | >0.05° | |||
Pre-HIV | 3 (1.8) | 0 | 3 | |||
Post-HIV | 0 | 1 (0.3) | 1 | |||
PAD, n (%) | 1.69 | 1 | >0.05° | |||
Pre-HIV | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Post-HIV | 1 (0.6) | 0 | 1 | |||
Heart failure, n (%) | 1.69 | 1 | >0.05° | |||
Pre-HIV | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Post-HIV | 0 | 1 (0.3) | 1 | |||
Heart arrhythmias, n (%) | 2.87 | 2 | >0.05° | |||
Pre-HIV | 1(0.6) | 0 | 1 | |||
Post-HIV | 0 | 2 (0.6) | 2 | |||
CHD, n (%) | 1.21 | 1 | >0.05° | |||
Pre-HIV | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Post-HIV | 2 (1.2) | 1 (0.3) | 3 | |||
MI, n (%) | 0.17 | 1 | >0.05° | |||
Pre-HIV | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Post-HIV | 2 (1.2) | 3 (60) | 5 | |||
Stroke, n (%) | 0.59 | 1 | >0.05° | |||
Pre-HIV | 0 | 1 (100) | 1 | |||
Post-HIV | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
One or more CMD, n (%) | ||||||
Pre -HIV | 15 (9) | 15 (5.3) | 30 | 2.24 | 1 | > 0.05 |
Post-HIV | 13 (7.8) | 25 (8.9) | 38 | 0.16 | 1 | >0.05 |
More than one NCD, n (%) | ||||||
Post-HIV | 4 (2.4) | 4 (1.4) | 8 | 0.56 | 1 | >0.05 |
Variables | Atherosclerosis Post HIV | Hypertension Post HIV | CHD Post HIV | Diabetes Mellitus Post HIV | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PR | 95% CI | p | PR | 95% CI | p | PR | 95% CI | p | PR | 95% CI | p | |
Model 1 | ||||||||||||
Age (years) | 0.9 | 0.8–1.1 | 0.43 | 1 | 1–1.1 | 0.21 | 0.8 | 0.7–1.1 | <0.01 | 1.1 | 1–1.2 | 0.64 |
Weight (kg) | 1 | 0.8–1.3 | 0.16 | 1 | 0.9–1.1 | 0.82 | 1.2 | 1–1.3 | <0.01 | 1.2 | 1.2–1.4 | <0.01 |
BMI (kg·m2−1) | 0.8 | 0.3–1.6 | <0.01 | 1.1 | 0.9–1.4 | 0.14 | 0.8 | 0.5–1.1 | <0.01 | 1.1 | 1–1.1 | <0.01 |
Model 2 | ||||||||||||
Years since the HIV diagnosis (years) | 1.2 | 1–1.4 | <0.01 | 1.1 | 1–1.2 | < 0.01 | 1.2 | 1.1–1.5 | <0.01 | 1.1 | 1–1.2 | 0.47 |
Model 3 | ||||||||||||
Frequency (session·week−1) | 0.9 | 0.4–1.4 | 0.30 | 0.7 | 0.4–1 | 0.09 | 1.1 | 0.7–1.4 | 0.05 | 0.4 | 0.1–1 | <0.01 |
Intensity (MET·min·day−1) | 1 | 1 – 1.1 | <0.01 | 1 | 0.9–1 | 0.02 | 1 | 1–1.1 | <0.01 | 1 | 0.9–1 | 0.62 |
Duration (h·week−1) | 1 | 0.9–1.3 | <0.01 | 1 | 1–1.2 | <0.01 | 1 | 0.8–1.3 | <0.01 | 1 | 0.6–1.3 | <0.01 |
Model 4 | ||||||||||||
Exercise | - | - | - | 0.8 | 0.3–2 | 0.63 | 0.3 | 0.1–3 | 0.31 | 1.2 | 0.1–25.3 | 0.88 |
Sedentary | - | - | - | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Variables | Dyslipidemia Post HIV | Heart Arrhythmias Post HIV | Myocardial Infarct Post HIV | >1 CMD Post HIV | ||||||||
PR | 95% CI | p | PR | 95% CI | p | PR | 95% CI | p | PR | 95% CI | p | |
Model 1 | ||||||||||||
Age (years) | 1.1 | 1–1.1 | 0.01 | 1.2 | 1–1.4 | <0.01 | 1 | 0.9–1.2 | 0.84 | 1 | 1–1.2 | 0.90 |
Weight (kg) | 1 | 0.96–1.1 | 0.50 | 1.3 | 1–1.6 | <0.01 | 1 | 0.0–1.2 | 0.32 | 1.1 | 1–1.2 | <0.01 |
BMI (kg·m2−1) | 1 | 0.86–1.2 | 0.75 | 0.7 | 042–1.1 | 0.03 | 0.9 | 0.5–1.5 | 0.63 | 0.9 | 0.6–1.2 | 0.08 |
Model 2 | ||||||||||||
Years since the HIV diagnosis (years) | 1.1 | 1–1.1 | 0.02 | 1 | 0.9–1.2 | 0.34 | 1.1 | 1–1.3 | 0.08 | 1.1 | 1–1.2 | 0.14 |
Model 3 | ||||||||||||
Frequency (session·week−1) | 1 | 0.5–1.3 | 0.81 | 1.6 | 0.90–2.5 | <0.01 | 1.2 | 0.9–1.5 | 0.05 | 1 | 0.6–1.3 | 0.72 |
Intensity (MET·min·day−1) | 1 | 0.9–1 | 0.43 | 1 | 0.9–1 | <0.01 | 1 | 0.9–1 | 0.19 | 1 | 1–1.1 | 0.08 |
Duration (h·week−1) | 1 | 0.8–1.1 | 0.53 | 0.2 | 0.1–0.62 | >0.01 | 1 | 0.7–1.2 | 0.80 | 1.1 | 0.9–1.2 | 0.06 |
Model 4 | ||||||||||||
Exercise | 1 | 0.3–3.9 | 0.95 | - | - | - | 0.9 | 0.1–6.7 | 0.90 | 0.6 | 0.1–2.5 | 0.45 |
Sedentary | Ref | Ref | Ref | - | - | - | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
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Pérez-Chaparro, C.G.A.; Schuch, F.B.; Zech, P.; Kangas, M.; Rapp, M.A.; Heissel, A. Recreational Exercising and Self-Reported Cardiometabolic Diseases in German People Living with HIV: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 11579. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111579
Pérez-Chaparro CGA, Schuch FB, Zech P, Kangas M, Rapp MA, Heissel A. Recreational Exercising and Self-Reported Cardiometabolic Diseases in German People Living with HIV: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(21):11579. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111579
Chicago/Turabian StylePérez-Chaparro, Camilo Germán Alberto, Felipe B. Schuch, Philipp Zech, Maria Kangas, Michael A. Rapp, and Andreas Heissel. 2021. "Recreational Exercising and Self-Reported Cardiometabolic Diseases in German People Living with HIV: A Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21: 11579. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111579