Effects of Taekwondo Training on Body Composition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Search Strategy
2.2. Selection of Studies
2.3. Moderator
2.4. Quality Assessment
2.5. Statistical Analysis
2.6. Assessment of Heterogeneity
2.7. Publication Bias
3. Result
3.1. Inclusion of Studies
3.2. Characteristics of the Included Studies
3.3. Quality Assessment
3.4. Outcome Findings
3.4.1. Height
3.4.2. Weight
3.4.3. Body Mass Index
3.4.4. Waist Circumference
3.4.5. Waist–Hip Ratio
3.4.6. Body Fat Mass
3.4.7. Body Fat Percentage
3.4.8. Lean Mass
3.4.9. Muscle Mass
3.5. Moderator Analyses
3.6. Publication Bias
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study | Study Type | Frequency (Day/Week) | Participants | Sex | Taekwondo (n, Age) | Control (n, Age) | Body Composition Method | Outcome Variable | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Choi W, 2000 [21] | Thesis | 3/24 | Elementary student, 40% body fat ↑ | M | 9 | 11.78 | 9 | 11.89 | Skinfold | % Body fat, BMI, Height, Weight |
Lee SH, 2008 [22] | Thesis | 5/12 | Elementary student | M | 8 | 11.1 | 8 | 11.1 | BIA | % Body fat, Height, Lean mass, Muscle mass, Weight |
Lee SW, 2011 [23] | Thesis | 5/12 | Elementary student | Mixed | 8 | 11.13 | 8 | 10.88 | BIA | % Body fat, BMI, Height, Lean mass, WC, Weight |
Jung SH, 2012 [24] | Thesis | 5/12 | Elementary student | M | 10 | 10.2 | 10 | 10.3 | BIA | % Body fat, BMI, Fat mass, Height, Lean mass, Muscle mass, Weight |
Lee SJ, 2014 [25] | Thesis | 3/16 | Elementary student, 25% body fat ↑ | M | 10 | 12.6 | 10 | 12.7 | BIA | % Body fat, BMI, Weight |
Lee SH, 2015 [26] | Thesis | 5/12 | Elementary student | M | 9 | 7.46 | 9 | 7.74 | BIA | % Body fat, BMI, Height, Lean mass, Weight |
Seo DW, 2019 [27] | Thesis | 5/12 | Elementary student | M | 23 | 10 | 22 | 9.67 | BIA | Fat mass, Lean mass, Muscle mass, Weight |
An SW, 2004 [28] | Thesis | 5/12 | Adolescent, 30% body fat ↑ | M | 10 | ND | 10 | ND | BIA | % Body fat, Height, Lean mass, Weight, WHR |
Shu DK, 2008 [29] | Thesis | 5/12 | Adolescent. first menstruation | M | 9 | 12.18 | 9 | 12.73 | BIA | % Body fat, BMI, Fat mass, Height, Lean mass, Weight |
Jung HC, 2014 [30] | Thesis | 3/16 | Adolescent | M | 15 | 13.9 | 15 | 13.9 | DXA | % Body fat, BMI, Fat mass, Height, Lean mass, WC, Weight |
Kang MG, 2014 [31] | Thesis | 3/12 | Adolescent, 30% body fat ↑ | F | 10 | ND | 10 | ND | BIA | % Body fat, BMI, Weight |
Moon DS, 2007 [32] | Journal article | 5/12 | Elementary student | M | 12 | 12.35 | 12 | 12.42 | BIA | % Body fat, BMI, Height, Lean mass, Weight, WHR |
Kim WK, 2009 [33] | Journal article | 5/12 | Adolescent men, 20% body fat ↑ | M | 10 | 14.7 | 10 | 15.1 | BIA | % Body fat, BMI, Height, Lean mass, Weight, WHR |
Kwon YC, 2010 [34] | Journal article | 3/12 | Elementary student, 25% body fat ↑ | Mixed | 12 | 11.92 | 12 | 12.5 | BIA | % Body fat, BMI, Fat mass, Height, Lean mass, WC, Weight, WHR |
Lee SH, 2011 [35] | Journal article | 4/10 | Adolescent | M | 6 | 16.8 | 9 | 16.4 | BIA | % Body fat, Muscle mass, Weight |
Cho WJ, 2013 [36] | Journal article | 3/12 | Elementary student, BMI 25 kg/m2 ↑ | M | 12 | 11.17 | 12 | 11.33 | BIA | % Body fat, BMI, Weight |
Song JK, 2013 [37] | Journal article | 3/12 | Adolescent | M | 12 | 14 | 7 | 13.9 | DXA | % Body fat, Fat mass, Height, Lean mass, Weight |
Cho WJ, 2014 [38] | Journal article | 3/12 | Elementary student, BMI 25 kg/m2 ↑ | M | 10 | 11.77 | 10 | 11.51 | BIA | % Body fat, Weight |
Chea SI, 2016 [39] | Thesis | 3/12 | Middle-aged women, obesity | F | 8 | 39.25 | 8 | 39.7 | BIA | % Body fat, Weight |
Seo DK, 2016 [40] | Thesis | 5/12 | Middle-aged women | F | 13 | 42.77 | 13 | 42.54 | BIA | % Body fat, BMI, Lean mass, Weight |
Han SY, 2007 [41] | Journal article | 5/14 | Middle-aged women, no menopause | F | 7 | 41 | 6 | 38 | BIA | % Body fat, BMI, Lean mass, WHR |
Kim KT, 2010 [42] | Journal article | 3/12 | Adult | M | 10 | 27.3 | 10 | 27.4 | BIA | % Body fat, Lean mass, Muscle mass, Weight |
Lee KK, 2011 [43] | Journal article | 3/12 | Middle-aged | F | 12 | 41.44 | 12 | 42.16 | DXA | % Body fat, Fat mass, Lean mass, Weight |
Lee KK, 2015 [44] | Journal article | 3/12 | Middle-aged women, menopause | F | 20 | 54.3 | 20 | 53.1 | DXA | % Body fat, Lean mass, WC, Weight, WHR |
Joo SE, 2017 [45] | Journal article | 3/12 | Middle-aged women, 30% body fat ↑ | F | 15 | 40.1 | 15 | 40.2 | BIA | % Body fat, Fat mass, Height, Lean mass, Weight, WHR |
Lee KS, 2017 [46] | Journal article | 3/8 | Middle-aged | M | 7 | 40.85 | 7 | 40.71 | BIA | % Body fat, BMI, BMI, Fat mass, Weight, WHR |
Jung MK, 2018 [47] | Journal article | 3/24 | Middle-aged women, menopause & obese | F | 8 | 61.05 | 9 | 59.89 | BIA | % Body fat, Fat mass, Lean mass, WC, Weight, WHR |
Lee JK, 2019 [48] | Journal article | 3/12 | Middle-aged women, 30% body fat ↑ | F | 12 | 50.9 | 12 | 50.3 | BIA | % Body fat, Muscle mass |
Kim NS, 2018 [49] | Journal article | 13/2 | University student | M | 6 | 21.3 | 10 | 22.1 | BIA | % Body fat, Fat mass, Lean mass, Weight |
Kim NS, 2018 [50] | Journal article | 3/12 | University student | M | 5 | 21 | 9 | 22 | BIA | % Body fat, Lean mass, WC, Weight, WHR |
Chea SI, 2011 [51] | Thesis | 3/12 | Elderly women | F | 8 | 69.53 | 8 | 70 | BIA | % Body fat, BMI, Weight |
Kang HJ, 2014 [52] | Thesis | 3/12 | Elderly women | F | 11 | 69.4 | 13 | 70.4 | DXA | % Body fat, Fat mass, Height, Lean mass, Weight |
Shin JD, 2009 [53] | Journal article | 3/12 | Elderly women | F | 10 | 69.7 | 10 | 71.7 | BIA | % Body fat, BMI, Fat mass, |
Moon DS, 2010 [54] | Journal article | 3/12 | Elderly women | F | 15 | 72.13 | 15 | 75.07 | BIA | % Body fat, BMI, Height, Lean mass, Weight |
Shin JD, 2010 [55] | Journal article | 3/12 | Elderly women, 30% body fat ↑ | F | 7 | 70.86 | 7 | 71.68 | BIA | % Body fat, Height, Lean mass, Weight |
Cho WJ, 2012 [56] | Journal article | 3/12 | Elderly women, 30% body fat ↑ | F | 13 | 69 | 13 | 68.62 | BIA | % Body fat, Weight |
Lim YR, 2017 [57] | Journal article | 4/12 | Elderly women, over Weight | F | 15 | ND | 15 | ND | BIA | % Body fat, Fat mass, Muscle mass, Weight |
Height | Weight | BMI | Waist Circumference | WHR | |||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | k | MD | 95% CI | p† | k | MD | 95% CI | p† | k | MD | 95% CI | p† | k | MD | 95% CI | p† | k | MD | 95% CI | p† | |||||
Sex | 0.985 | 0.154 | 0.100 | 0.404 | 0.111 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Male | 9 | 0.246 | −1.412 | 1.905 | 18 | −3.314 | −4.171 | −2.455 | 9 | −1.708 | −2.074 | −1.342 | 2 | −4.063 | −9.870 | 1.743 | 5 | −0.045 | −0.078 | −0.012 | |||||
Female | 5 | 0.271 | −1.774 | 2.136 | 14 | −2.147 | −3.505 | −0.790 | 8 | −1.068 | −1.738 | −0.399 | 2 | −1.421 | −3.605 | 0.762 | 4 | −0.015 | −0.031 | −0.001 | |||||
Age | 0.988 | 0.044 | 0.036 | 0.473 | 0.192 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Student | 12 | 0.312 | −1.213 | 1.836 | 18 | −3.748 | −4.503 | −2.992 | 12 | −1.657 | −1.981 | −1.334 | 3 | −3.322 | −5.807 | −0.838 | 4 | −0.046 | −0.090 | −0.002 | |||||
Adult | 2 | 0.1 | −2.55 | 2.75 | 11 | −1.129 | −2.839 | 0.582 | 3 | −0.243 | −1.434 | 0.948 | 2 | −2.182 | −6.147 | 1.783 | 5 | −0.023 | −0.039 | −0.006 | |||||
Elderly | 2 | 0.394 | −3.397 | 4.185 | 6 | −1.775 | −3.333 | −0.217 | 4 | −0.832 | −1.907 | 0.242 | 1 | −1.100 | −3.651 | 1.451 | 1 | −0.000 | −0.029 | 0.029 | |||||
Study duration | 0.898 | 0.689 | 0.542 | 0.405 | - | ||||||||||||||||||||
≤12 weeks | 14 | 0.297 | −1.001 | 1.595 | 31 | −3.107 | −3.753 | −2.462 | 16 | −1.465 | −1.789 | −1.141 | 5 | −2.059 | −3.732 | −0.386 | 10 | −0.029 | −0.048 | −0.010 | |||||
>12 weeks | 2 | −0.012 | −4.556 | 4.531 | 3 | −2.315 | −6.143 | 1.513 | 3 | −1.731 | −2.521 | −0.941 | 1 | −5.000 | −11.719 | 1.719 | - | - | - | - | |||||
Publication type | 0.865 | 0.132 | 0.593 | 0.726 | 0.169 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Thesis | 9 | 0.156 | −1.689 | 2.001 | 15 | −3.775 | −4.874 | −2.675 | 10 | −1.392 | −1.9 | −0.884 | 2 | −2.794 | −6.343 | 0.756 | 1 | −0.060 | −0.104 | −0.016 | |||||
Journal | 7 | 0.373 | −0.321 | 2.067 | 19 | −2.739 | −3.518 | −1.960 | 9 | −1.563 | −1.935 | −1.192 | 4 | −2.082 | −3.908 | −0.256 | 9 | −0.026 | −0.046 | −0.006 |
Fat Mass | % Body Fat | Lean Mass | Muscle Mass | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | k | MD | 95% CI | p† | k | MD | 95% CI | p† | k | MD | 95% CI | p† | k | MD | 95% CI | p† | ||||
Sex | 0.761 | 0.404 | 0.088 | 0.896 | ||||||||||||||||
Male | 6 | −1.043 | −2.480 | 0.393 | 17 | −2.641 | −3.228 | −2.121 | 12 | 1.718 | 0.388 | 3.048 | 5 | 1.733 | −0.125 | 3.59 | ||||
Female | 7 | −0.777 | −1.717 | 0.163 | 17 | −3.006 | −3.556 | −2.457 | 10 | 0.364 | −0.440 | 1.169 | 2 | 2.031 | −2.056 | 6.117 | ||||
Age | 0.240 | 0.026 | 0.700 | 0.621 | ||||||||||||||||
Student | 6 | −2.180 | −3.614 | −0.745 | 17 | −3.047 | −3.842 | −2.304 | 12 | 1.419 | 0.152 | 2.686 | 4 | 1.313 | −1.336 | 3.962 | ||||
Adult | 6 | −0.750 | −2.198 | 0.698 | 13 | −1.867 | −2.802 | −0.931 | 9 | 0.715 | −0.420 | 1.850 | 3 | 2.201 | −0.12 | 4.522 | ||||
Elderly | 2 | −0.660 | −1.923 | 0.603 | 6 | −3.549 | −4.370 | −2.728 | 3 | 1.276 | −0.600 | 3.151 | - | - | - | - | ||||
Study duration | 0.610 | 0.475 | 0.122 | |||||||||||||||||
≤12 weeks | 13 | −1.370 | −2.134 | −0.606 | 33 | −2.756 | −3.298 | −2.213 | 23 | 1.173 | 0.447 | 1.900 | 7 | 1.818 | 0.208 | 3.427 | ||||
>12 weeks | 1 | −2.400 | −6.265 | 1.465 | 3 | −3.220 | −4.375 | −2.065 | 1 | −4.300 | −11.207 | 2.607 | - | - | - | - | ||||
Publication type | 0.544 | 0.627 | 0.132 | 0.952 | ||||||||||||||||
Thesis | 5 | −1.039 | −2.283 | 0.205 | 14 | −2.673 | −3.457 | −1.889 | 15 | −3.775 | −4.874 | −2.675 | 3 | 1.854 | −0.984 | 4.692 | ||||
Journal | 9 | −1.572 | −2.438 | −0.706 | 22 | −2.923 | −3.551 | −2.295 | 19 | −2.739 | −3.518 | −1.960 | 4 | 1.742 | −0.522 | 4.007 |
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Baek, S.; Park, J.-B.; Choi, S.-H.; Lee, J.-D.; Nam, S.-S. Effects of Taekwondo Training on Body Composition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 11550. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111550
Baek S, Park J-B, Choi S-H, Lee J-D, Nam S-S. Effects of Taekwondo Training on Body Composition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(21):11550. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111550
Chicago/Turabian StyleBaek, Seunghui, Jong-Beom Park, Sang-Hwan Choi, Jae-Don Lee, and Sang-Seok Nam. 2021. "Effects of Taekwondo Training on Body Composition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21: 11550. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111550
APA StyleBaek, S., Park, J. -B., Choi, S. -H., Lee, J. -D., & Nam, S. -S. (2021). Effects of Taekwondo Training on Body Composition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(21), 11550. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111550