The Effects of Repeated Thermal Stress on the Physiological Parameters of Young Physically Active Men Who Regularly Use the Sauna: A Multifactorial Assessment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participant Selection
2.2. Ethical Approval
2.3. Research Protocol
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Physiological Parameters during Sauna
3.2. Physiological Parameters before and after Sauna
4. Discussion
5. Strength and Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Mean | SD | Min–Max | As |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age [years] | 22.67 | 2.02 | 19–26 | 0.12 |
PA level [MET] | 1322.2 | 407.1 | 870.0–2045.0 | 0.05 |
HRmin [bpm] | 67.73 | 11.62 | 43.0–87.0 | −0.31 |
HRavg [bpm] | 102.50 | 13.54 | 78.0–131.0 | 0.05 |
HRpeak [bpm] | 143.33 | 18.31 | 102.0–176.0 | −0.27 |
Recovery time [h] | 4.94 | 4.30 | 0.0–17.0 | 1.20 |
Energy expenditure [kcal] | 485.90 | 159.41 | 233.0–799.0 | 0.20 |
VO2avg [mL/kg/min] | 13.63 | 4.03 | 7.0–23.0 | 0.26 |
VO2max [mL/kg/min] | 29.07 | 7.14 | 15.0–45.0 | 0.42 |
EPOCavg [mL/kg] | 9.83 | 8.95 | 1.0–38.0 | 1.86 |
EPOCpeak [mL/kg] | 20.40 | 20.25 | 2.0–83.0 | 1.91 |
RRavg [breaths/min] | 18.47 | 2.57 | 15.0–25.0 | 0.51 |
RRpeak [breaths/min] | 28.97 | 6.60 | 22.0–46.0 | 1.19 |
Physical effort range | ||||
Easy < 107 [bpm] | 2329.23 | 1036.51 | 260.0–3960.0 | −0.10 |
Moderate 107–124 [bpm] | 1001.47 | 493.08 | 0.0–1661.0 | −0.65 |
Difficult 125–141 [bpm] | 460.60 | 471.83 | 0.0–1464.0 | 0.98 |
Very difficult 142–159 [bpm] | 133.67 | 219.28 | 0.0–804.0 | 1.82 |
Maximal ≥ 160 [bpm] | 35.03 | 107.95 | 0.0–537.0 | 3.93 |
Total [bpm] | 3960.00 | 0.00 | 3960.0–3960.0 | 0.58 |
Parameter | Before Sauna | After Sauna | Difference (A–B) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Min–Max | As | Mean | SD | Min–Max | As | t (p) | |
Temperature | 36.53 | 0.19 | 36.0–36.8 | −0.94 | 36.62 | 0.56 | 34.7–37.4 | −2.59 | ns |
SBP [mmHg] | 134.63 | 12.95 | 107.0–155.0 | −0.13 | 124.93 | 12.04 | 105.0–156.0 | 0.48 | −6.61 (<0.001) |
DBP [mmHg] | 78.20 | 12.05 | 53.0–113.0 | 0.43 | 71.27 | 9.76 | 50.0–91.0 | −0.34 | −4.85 (<0.001) |
HR [bpm] | 74.57 | 12.99 | 50.0–111.0 | 0.51 | 82.00 | 13.59 | 61.0–119.0 | 0.59 | 3.26 (0.003) |
Body mass [kg] | 86.62 | 13.02 | 58.7110.7 | −0.29 | 85.12 | 12.92 | 57.5–109.4 | −0.27 | −20.04 (<0.001) |
BMI [kg/m2] | 26.66 | 3.76 | 17.4–34.1 | −0.50 | 26.19 | 3.73 | 17.0–33.7 | −0.51 | −18.24 (<0.001) |
Variables | Before Sauna | After Sauna | Difference (A–B) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Min–Max | As | Mean | SD | Min–Max | As | t (p) | |
WBC (103/µL) | 6.48 | 1.24 | 4.45–9.96 | 0.91 | 6.29 | 1.18 | 4.42–8.82 | 0.24 | ns |
Neutro (103/µL) | 3.68 | 0.87 | 2.36–6.63 | 0.71 | 3.65 | 0.79 | 1.87–5.46 | 0.35 | ns |
Neutro % | 56.87 | 7.80 | 43.3–73.0 | 0.30 | 58.32 | 7.39 | 41.6–76.4 | 0.05 | ns |
Lymph (103/µL) | 2.02 | 0.61 | 1.01–3.47 | 0.26 | 1.89 | 0.57 | 0.96–3.48 | 0.49 | ns |
Lymph % | 30.95 | 6.65 | 18.1–43.1 | −0.11 | 30.09 | 6.54 | 14.7–46.4 | 0.32 | ns |
Mono (103/µL) | 0.47 | 0.12 | 0.23–0.76 | 0.48 | 0.42 | 0.11 | 0.19–0.75 | 0.74 | −2.84 (0.008) |
Mono % | 7.32 | 1.72 | 3.9–11.2 | −0.06 | 6.74 | 1.52 | 2.6–10.1 | −0.35 | −2.74 (0.010) |
Eos (103/µL) | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.03–0.42 | 1.01 | 0.15 | 0.11 | 0.02–0.52 | 1.26 | ns |
Eos % | 2.32 | 1.30 | 0.5–5.2 | 0.54 | 2.33 | 1.44 | 0.4–6.5 | 1.17 | ns |
Baso (103/µL) | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.01–0.06 | 0.17 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.01–0.07 | 0.52 | ns |
Baso % | 0.53 | 0.17 | 0.2–0.9 | −0.01 | 0.57 | 0.26 | 0.2–1.4 | 1.26 | ns |
Leu (103/µL) | 0.14 | 0.05 | 0.06–0.25 | 0.46 | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.05–0.21 | 0.43 | ns |
Leu % | 2.06 | 0.60 | 0.6–3.3 | −0.27 | 1.95 | 0.55 | 0.6–2.8 | −0.35 | ns |
RBC (106/µL) | 5.20 | 0.32 | 4.58–6.08 | 0.75 | 5.27 | 0.44 | 4.59–6.71 | 1.21 | ns |
HGB (g/dL) | 15.53 | 0.91 | 13.9–17.5 | 0.23 | 15.72 | 1.23 | 13.9–20.4 | 1.26 | ns |
HCT % | 44.09 | 2.45 | 39.0–48.8 | −0.01 | 44.59 | 3.15 | 40.1–55.8 | 1.24 | ns |
MCV (fl) | 85.0 | 4.60 | 70.0–92.6 | −1.12 | 84.77 | 4.66 | 69.6–91.5 | −1.27 | ns |
MCH (pg) | 29.97 | 1.76 | 23.2–32.0 | −1.81 | 29.92 | 1.85 | 23.4–32.1 | −1.77 | ns |
MCHC (g/dL) | 35.26 | 0.80 | 33.2–36.5 | −0.54 | 35.28 | 0.77 | 33.6–36.8 | −0.05 | ns |
RDW % | 13.68 | 0.75 | 12.8–17.1 | 3.37 | 13.70 | 0.74 | 12.8–17.1 | 3.43 | ns |
HDW % | 2.81 | 0.24 | 2.30–3.47 | 0.68 | 2.83 | 0.24 | 2.28–3.54 | 0.79 | ns |
PLT (103/µL) | 257.73 | 37.42 | 191–337 | 0.38 | 260.33 | 53.99 | 158–397 | 0.50 | ns |
MPV (fl) | 7.83 | 0.66 | 7.0–10.1 | 1.36 | 7.81 | 0.60 | 7.0–9.5 | 1.01 | ns |
Variable | Before Sauna | After Sauna | Difference (A–B) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Min–Max | As | Mean | SD | Min–Max | As | t (p) | |
pH | 7.41 | 0.05 | 7.33–7.52 | 0.51 | 7.37 | 0.04 | 7.31–7.44 | −0.24 | −3.68 (<0.001) |
pCO2 [mm Hg] | 46.22 | 5.41 | 36.3–57.3 | 0.12 | 46.02 | 6.27 | 35.7–58.1 | −0.06 | ns |
pO2 [mm Hg] | 34.70 | 5.58 | 20.3–45.9 | −0.85 | 41.83 | 5.28 | 30.4–57.2 | 0.35 | 7.13 (<0.001) |
O2 SAT [%] | 73.20 | 17.78 | 30.9–98.4 | −0.38 | 82.10 | 15.71 | 30.9–98.6 | −1.41 | 2.27 (0.031) |
aHCO3− [mmol/L] | 28.60 | 4.47 | 23.1–39.6 | 1.13 | 26.09 | 2.30 | 22.9–31.3 | 0.34 | −3.06 (0.005) |
sHCO3− [mmol/L] | 26.65 | 3.88 | 21.7–35.7 | 1.21 | 24.39 | 1.25 | 21.7–27.5 | 0.83 | −3.27 (0.003) |
BE (ecf) [mEq/L] | 4.59 | 6.36 | −2.7–24.0 | 1.33 | 1.48 | 3.06 | −2.0–12.1 | 1.98 | −2.42 (0.022) |
BE (B) [mEq/L] | 2.79 | 4.30 | −3.0–13.1 | 1.07 | 0.57 | 1.59 | −1.8–4.0 | 0.60 | −3.03 (0.005) |
ctCO2 [mmol/L] | 29.99 | 4.58 | 24.2–41.4 | 1.13 | 27.41 | 2.56 | 24.0–33.1 | 0.34 | −3.02 (0.005) |
Na+ [mmol/L] | 142.50 | 3.19 | 137–150 | 0.53 | 142.93 | 3.79 | 135–151 | −0.10 | ns |
K+ [mmol/L] | 4.28 | 0.35 | 3.54–4.99 | 0.34 | 4.22 | 0.38 | 3.36–4.95 | −0.57 | ns |
Cl− [mmol/L] | 105.78 | 2.08 | 102.1–110.0 | 0.18 | 106.20 | 1.95 | 102.1–110.1 | 0.53 | ns |
Biochemical parameters | |||||||||
Glucose [mmol/L] | 4.71 | 0.93 | 3.44–6.98 | 0.79 | 4.15 | 0.60 | 3.04–5.56 | 0.11 | −4.42 <0.001) |
Total cholesterol [mg/dL] | 185.17 | 35.93 | 112–262 | 0.13 | 198.27 | 37.48 | 113–276 | −0.05 | 2.87 (0.008) |
HDL [mg/dL] | 58.03 | 14.82 | 39–92 | 1.08 | 65.37 | 19.80 | 40–112 | 1.13 | 2.92 (0.006) |
LDL [mg/dL] | 100.23 | 29.51 | 35–175 | 0.72 | 110.43 | 29.22 | 45–182 | 0.33 | 2.89 (0.007) |
TG [mg/dL] | 123.97 | 75.94 | 56–341 | 1.59 | 112.4 | 73.24 | 33–357 | 1.73 | ns |
Uric acid [µmol/L] | 335.47 | 61.50 | 222–497 | 0.73 | 340.67 | 67.08 | 227–521 | 0.87 | ns |
Lactic acid (mmol/L)] | 1.69 | 0.37 | 1.09–2.65 | 0.58 | 1.50 | 0.28 | 1.02–2.26 | 0.41 | −2.19 (0.036) |
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Podstawski, R.; Borysławski, K.; Pomianowski, A.; Krystkiewicz, W.; Boraczyński, T.; Mosler, D.; Wąsik, J.; Jaszczur-Nowicki, J. The Effects of Repeated Thermal Stress on the Physiological Parameters of Young Physically Active Men Who Regularly Use the Sauna: A Multifactorial Assessment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 11503. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111503
Podstawski R, Borysławski K, Pomianowski A, Krystkiewicz W, Boraczyński T, Mosler D, Wąsik J, Jaszczur-Nowicki J. The Effects of Repeated Thermal Stress on the Physiological Parameters of Young Physically Active Men Who Regularly Use the Sauna: A Multifactorial Assessment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(21):11503. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111503
Chicago/Turabian StylePodstawski, Robert, Krzysztof Borysławski, Andrzej Pomianowski, Wioletta Krystkiewicz, Tomasz Boraczyński, Dariusz Mosler, Jacek Wąsik, and Jarosław Jaszczur-Nowicki. 2021. "The Effects of Repeated Thermal Stress on the Physiological Parameters of Young Physically Active Men Who Regularly Use the Sauna: A Multifactorial Assessment" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21: 11503. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111503
APA StylePodstawski, R., Borysławski, K., Pomianowski, A., Krystkiewicz, W., Boraczyński, T., Mosler, D., Wąsik, J., & Jaszczur-Nowicki, J. (2021). The Effects of Repeated Thermal Stress on the Physiological Parameters of Young Physically Active Men Who Regularly Use the Sauna: A Multifactorial Assessment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(21), 11503. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111503