Evaluation of the Impacts of Abandoned Mining Areas: A Case Study with Benthic Macroinvertebrate Assemblages
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Ecological Data
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Differences in Benthic Macroinvertebrate Community among Streams
3.2. Species Co-Occurrence Patterns of the Benthic Macroinvertebrate Community
3.3. Patterns of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Community
3.4. Indicator Species
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Reference Stream | Streams Located Near Abandoned Mining Areas | |
---|---|---|---|
NSJ | NCA | NHJ | |
Number of nodes | 76 | 49 | 55 |
Number of edges | 1635 | 622 | 826 |
Average node degree | 38.68 | 22.94 | 25.60 |
Average path length | 1.48 | 1.52 | 1.53 |
Transitivity | 0.70 | 0.73 | 0.78 |
Edge density | 0.52 | 0.48 | 0.47 |
Clusters | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Species richness | 37 (3) a | 12 (6) b | 27 (4) ab | 11 (6) b | 28 (3) a |
Abundance | 6815 (3391) | 7917 (11,782) | 20,819 (16,946) | 1394 (1324) | 7193 (3431) |
Ephemeroptera | 1404 (387) a | 99 (157) b | 1181 (513) a | 238 (442) ab | 2921 (1747) a |
Plecoptera | 1324 (1444) a | 4 (6) b | 2 (5) b | 20 (19) a | 7 (5) ab |
Trichoptera | 357 (242) | 120 (191) | 957 (933) | 45 (88) | 676 (596) |
Ephemeroptera | 11 (2) a | 2 (2.3) b | 9.2 (2.9) ab | 1.5 (1.7) b | 12 (0.8) a |
Plecoptera | 6.3 (0.5) a | 0.5 (0.5) b | 0.2 (0.4) b | 1.3 (0.5) ab | 1.3 (0.5) a |
Trichoptera | 8.8 (1.0) a | 2.5 (2.6) b | 7.2 (1.1) a | 2 (3.4) b | 6.5 (1.9) ab |
EPT abundance | 3085 (1258) a | 223 (348) b | 2141 (925) a | 304 (534) ab | 3605 (2267) a |
ETP richness | 26 (2.2) a | 5 (4.9) b | 16.6 (3.7) a | 4.8 (4.9) ab | 19.8 (1.7) a |
Non-insecta abundance | 452 (619) a | 185 (165) ab | 456 (280) a | 21 (21) b | 150 (70) a |
Other-insecta abundance | 3278 (1916) ab | 7509 (11,494) a | 18,222 (16,269) a | 1069 (827) b | 3438 (1207) a |
Non-insecta species richness | 3 (0.8) ab | 4 (2.4) a | 5.6 (0.9) a | 1.5 (0.6) b | 3 (1.2) a |
Other-insecta species richness | 8 (2.2) a | 2.5 (0.8) b | 4.4 (1.5) ab | 4.3 (1) a | 5 (0.8) a |
Dominance index | 0.61 (0.09) b | 0.95 (0.04) a | 0.82 (0.1) ab | 0.89 (0.06) a | 0.64 (0.06) b |
Shannon diversity | 3.06 (0.34) a | 0.78 (0.28) b | 1.56 (0.71) a | 1.14 (0.63) ab | 2.69 (0.28) a |
Richness index | 17.71 (1.12) a | 27.93 (24.07) a | 16.12 (1.57) b | 23.03 (4.04) a | 17.58 (1.06) ab |
Evenness | 0.42 (0.05) a | 0.11 (0.04) b | 0.21 (0.1) a | 0.16 (0.09) ab | 0.37 (0.04) a |
Category | Cluster | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FFG abundance | Predator (%) | 7.3 (2.9) | 9.1 (20.1) | 1.6 (1) | 1.4 (0.8) | 3 (0.9) |
Parasite (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Scraper (%) | 17.4 (10.2) a | 4.4 (4.5) ab | 3.9 (2.9) a | 0.4 (0.6) b | 22.8 (6.2) a | |
Collector filterer (%) | 6.8 (8.3) | 1 (1) | 4 (2.8) | 2.7 (2.6) | 7.9 (5.1) | |
Collector gatherer (%) | 53.6 (4) b | 85.1 (17.6) a | 90.5 (4.2) a | 88.6 (9.9) a | 66.2 (2.7) ab | |
Shredder (%) | 14.8 (16.2) | 0.5 (0.7) | 0.1 (0.1) | 6.9 (11.3) | 0 (0.1) | |
FFG species richness | Predator (%) | 26.8 (4.9) a | 15.1 (17.2) b | 15.7 (6.3) ab | 15.3 (4.5) a | 15.3 (4.1) a |
Parasite (%) | 0.7 (1.4) | 1.5 (3.7) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | |
Scraper (%) | 26.6 (8.1) a | 23.3 (13.2) ab | 32.3 (6.5) a | 9.7 (12.5) b | 39.7 (3.5) a | |
Collector filterer (%) | 10.8 (2.1) | 15.1 (10) | 14.4 (6.9) | 9.9 (6.9) | 14.5 (1.5) | |
Collector gatherer (%) | 22.4 (2.8) b | 40.4 (5.9) a | 36.3 (3.9) a | 45.5 (13) a | 28 (1.1) ab | |
Shredder (%) | 12.8 (3.7) | 4.6 (7.7) | 1.3 (2.9) | 19.6 (10.5) | 2.6 (3.3) |
Category | Cluster | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Geological factors | Altitude | 738 (85) ab | 741 (66) a | 606 (61) b | 857 (47) a | 556 (42) b |
DFS (km) | 0.97 (0.36) b | 1.39 (0.51) ab | 2.76 (0.47) a | 0.85 (0.15) b | 2.06 (0.33) a | |
Slope | 8.27 (2.1) | 9.48 (3.37) | 15.11 (6.17) | 11.03 (7.96) | 12.15 (8.73) | |
Stream order | 2 (1) b | 3 (1) ab | 5 (1) a | 2 (0) b | 5 (1) a | |
Hydrology | Depth (cm) | 9.8 (3.2) | 11.4 (2.4) | 16.3 (4.9) | 10.8 (4.1) | 19.5 (10.8) |
Velocity (cm/s) | 0.53 (0.18) | 0.3 (0.16) | 0.59 (0.15) | 0.49 (0.21) | 0.59 (0.26) | |
Land use (%) | Urban | 2.9 (3.8) | 6.1 (6.4) | 22.4 (17.1) | 3.2 (2.9) | 4.1 (2.9) |
Agriculture | 4.8 (5.8) | 10.5 (9.2) | 12.8 (8.7) | 0.6 (0.8) | 16.7 (16.2) | |
Forest | 92.3 (9.4) a | 77.6 (16.0) a | 55.1 (14.3) b | 93.8 (7.6) a | 76.2 (19.2) ab | |
Grassland | 0 (0) | 1.2 (2.4) | 0.9 (1) | 1.8 (3.4) | 0.8 (1.1) | |
Wetland | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2.3 (3.1) | 0 (0) | 0.1 (0.1) | |
Bare land | 0 (0) b | 4.6 (6.8) a | 6.7 (7.1) a | 0.6 (0.9) ab | 2.1 (1.5) a | |
Substrate composition (%) | <0.063 mm | 0.0 (0.0) ab | 0.2 (0.2) a | 0.4 (0.3) a | 0.5 (0.5) a | 0.0 (0.0) b |
0.063–2 mm | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.5 (0.4) | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.2) | 1.1 (0.4) | |
2–4 mm | 1.1 (0.3) | 0.9 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.1) | 1.2 (0.5) | |
4–8 mm | 1.4 (0.2) | 1.3 (0.6) | 1 (0.2) | 1.1 (0.4) | 0.9 (0.8) | |
8–16 mm | 1.8 (0.7) | 2.3 (1.6) | 1.9 (0.2) | 2 (0.4) | 1.2 (0.8) | |
16–32 mm | 4 (0.6) | 4.4 (3.2) | 3.2 (0.8) | 4.2 (1.2) | 2 (1.8) | |
32–64 mm | 7.9 (2.6) | 7.9 (4.9) | 6 (2.4) | 10.1 (4.9) | 6.5 (3.2) | |
64–128 mm | 22.1 (4.4) | 25.5 (9.2) | 18 (6.2) | 21.6 (8.5) | 23.7 (4.6) | |
128–256 mm | 55.4 (7.3) | 56.9 (15) | 65.4 (9.4) | 56.1 (12.5) | 52.8 (12.1) | |
>256 mm | 5.4 (9.3) | 0 (0) | 2.5 (4.2) | 2.5 (3.3) | 10.7 (21.4) | |
Water quality | DO (%) | 85.9 (1.8) b | 100.2 (10.2) a | 108.2 (11) a | 88.8 (0.4) a | 88.1 (2.2) ab |
DO (mg/L) | 9.59 (0.19) | 10.63 (1.43) | 10.73 (1.44) | 9.82 (0.21) | 9.35 (0.1) | |
pH | 7.57 (0.46) b | 8.35 (0.5) a | 8.73 (0.47) a | 7.73 (0.27) ab | 8.51 (0.23) a | |
Conductivity (μS/cm) | 116.0 (68.8) ab | 360.8 (11.37) a | 379.4 (112.8) a | 370.3 (188.1) a | 92.3 (23.3) b | |
Turbidity (NTU) | 1.1 (0.6) | 1 (1.5) | 0.2 (0.3) | 1.1 (1.1) | 1 (0.2) | |
BOD (mg/L) | 1.13 (0.24) | 0.97 (0.21) | 1.16 (0.29) | 0.7 (0.08) | 1.03 (0.17) | |
NH3-N (mg/L) | 0.01 (0.003) | 0.016 (0.019) | 0.013 (0.009) | 0.013 (0.004) | 0.008 (0.003) | |
NO3-N (mg/L) | 0.79 (0.25) b | 1.54 (0.41) a | 1.18 (0.32) ab | 0.71 (0.28) b | 1.22 (0.13) a | |
T-N (mg/L) | 1.07 (0.36) b | 2.11 (0.47) a | 2.1 (0.11) a | 0.81 (0.28) b | 1.48 (0.13) ab | |
PO4-P (mg/L) | 0.003 (0) | 0.008 (0.007) | 0.006 (0.004) | 0.003 (0.001) | 0.003 (0) | |
T-P (mg/L) | 0.008 (0.002) | 0.013 (0.009) | 0.015 (0.008) | 0.006 (0.001) | 0.005 (0) | |
Chl-a (mg/L) | 0.53 (0.13) | 0.77 (0.53) | 0.5 (0.07) | 0.48 (0.05) | 0.53 (0.05) |
Cluster | Order | Family | Species (Taxa) | IndVal | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Ephemeroptera | Heptageniidae | Cinygmula KUa | 0.75 | 0.009 |
1 | Ephemeroptera | Heptageniidae | Epeorus curvatulus | 0.64 | 0.007 |
1 | Ephemeroptera | Ephemerellidae | Cincticostella levanidovae | 0.48 | 0.014 |
1 | Plecoptera | Nemouridae | Nemoura KUa | 1.00 | 0.002 |
1 | Plecoptera | Perlodidae | Stavsolus japonicus | 1.00 | 0.001 |
1 | Plecoptera | Perlidae | Kamimuria coreana | 1.00 | 0.001 |
1 | Plecoptera | Nemouridae | Amphinemura coreana | 0.75 | 0.006 |
1 | Plecoptera | Leuctridae | Rhopalopsole mahunkai | 0.75 | 0.01 |
1 | Plecoptera | Chloroperlidae | Sweltsa nikkoensis | 0.67 | 0.002 |
1 | Trichoptera | Philopotamidae | Wormaldia KUa | 0.75 | 0.005 |
1 | Trichoptera | Hydrobiosidae | Apsilochorema KUa | 0.62 | 0.021 |
1 | Trichoptera | Rhyacophilidae | Rhyacophila shikotsuensis | 0.56 | 0.032 |
1 | Trichoptera | Lepidostomatidae | Lepidostoma KUb | 0.47 | 0.044 |
1 | Coleoptera | Elmidae | Elmidae sp. | 0.80 | 0.004 |
1 | Diptera | Tipulidae | Hexatoma KUa | 0.64 | 0.008 |
1 | Diptera | Ceratopogonidae | Ceratopogonidae sp. | 0.62 | 0.006 |
1 | Diptera | Tipulidae | Dicranota KUa | 0.53 | 0.018 |
2 | Basomatophomra | Physidae | Physa acuta | 0.41 | 0.039 |
3 | Archioligochaeta | Naididae | Chaetogaster limnaei | 0.72 | 0.003 |
3 | Archioligochaeta | Tubificidae | Limnodrilus gotoi | 0.48 | 0.003 |
3 | Mesogastropoda | Pleuroceridae | Semisulcospira libertine | 0.41 | 0.046 |
3 | Ephemeroptera | Heptageniidae | Ecdyonurus levis | 0.79 | 0.001 |
3 | Ephemeroptera | Heptageniidae | Epeorus pellucidus | 0.43 | 0.037 |
3 | Ephemeroptera | Baetidae | Baetis fuscatus | 0.80 | 0.001 |
3 | Ephemeroptera | Baetidae | Baetis ursinus | 0.61 | 0.001 |
3 | Trichoptera | Hydroptilidae | Hydroptila KUa | 0.87 | 0.001 |
3 | Trichoptera | Hydropsychidae | Hydropsyche valvata | 0.71 | 0.002 |
3 | Trichoptera | Hydropsychidae | Cheumatopsyche KUa | 0.41 | 0.019 |
3 | Trichoptera | Hydropsychidae | Hydropsyche kozhantschikovi | 0.40 | 0.04 |
3 | Diptera | Tipulidae | Antocha KUa | 0.39 | 0.002 |
3 | Diptera | Chironomidae | Chironomidae spp | 0.24 | 0.033 |
4 | Plecoptera | Nemouridae | Nemoura KUb | 0.44 | 0.041 |
4 | Diptera | Tipulidae | Tipula KUa | 0.65 | 0.007 |
5 | Ephemeroptera | Heptageniidae | Ecdyonurus bajkovae | 0.71 | 0.002 |
5 | Ephemeroptera | Heptageniidae | Ecdyonurus kibunensis | 0.47 | 0.012 |
5 | Ephemeroptera | Ephemerellidae | Uracanthella rufa | 0.57 | 0.004 |
5 | Ephemeroptera | Leptophlebiidae | Paraleptophlebia chocorata | 0.51 | 0.012 |
5 | Ephemeroptera | Ephemeridae | Ephemera strigata | 0.48 | 0.05 |
5 | Trichoptera | Glossosomatidae | Glossosoma KUa | 0.60 | 0.006 |
5 | Trichoptera | Hydropsychidae | Hydropsyche orientalis | 0.48 | 0.018 |
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Bae, M.-J.; Hong, J.-K.; Kim, E.-J. Evaluation of the Impacts of Abandoned Mining Areas: A Case Study with Benthic Macroinvertebrate Assemblages. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 11132. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111132
Bae M-J, Hong J-K, Kim E-J. Evaluation of the Impacts of Abandoned Mining Areas: A Case Study with Benthic Macroinvertebrate Assemblages. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(21):11132. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111132
Chicago/Turabian StyleBae, Mi-Jung, Jeong-Ki Hong, and Eui-Jin Kim. 2021. "Evaluation of the Impacts of Abandoned Mining Areas: A Case Study with Benthic Macroinvertebrate Assemblages" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21: 11132. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111132