Spatiotemporal Variation in Rainfall Erosivity and Correlation with the ENSO on the Tibetan Plateau since 1971
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Database
2.2.1. Daily Rainfall Data
2.2.2. ENSO Indices
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Technical Route
2.3.2. Calculation of Rainfall Erosivity
2.3.3. Sen’s Slope Estimator and Mann–Kendall Test
2.3.4. Spatial and Statistical Analysis
2.3.5. Identification of Rainfall Erosivity Trend Patterns
2.3.6. Continuous Wavelet Transform Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Variation Characteristics of Annual Rainfall Erosivity
3.2. Changes in Seasonal and Monthly Rainfall Erosivity
3.3. Spatial Patten of Rainfall Erosivity in the Tibetan Plateau
3.4. Relationship between Rainfall Erosivity and ENSO
3.4.1. Influence of ENSO on Rainfall Erosivity in the Different Regions of TP
3.4.2. Correlation between Rainfall Erosivity and Multivariate ENSO Index
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ENSO | El Niño southern oscillation |
TP | Tibetan Plateau |
ONI | Oceanic Niño Index |
MEI | Multivariate ENSO Index |
CWT | Continuous wavelet transforms |
XWT | Cross Wavelet Transform |
WTC | Wavelet Transform Coherence |
CV | Coefficient of variation |
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Trend Patten | Definition | Identification Indicators |
---|---|---|
DE | Rainfall erosivity decreased significantly during the study period | Z < −1.96, or 1.96 ≤ Z < −0.675 and SLOPE% < −0.25% |
ST | Rainfall erosivity showed no significant change during the study period | |Z| < 0.675, or 0.675 ≤ |Z| < 1.96 and |SLOPE%| < 0.25% |
IN-ST | Rainfall erosivity showed an increasing trend in the early stage, but showed a stable trend in the later stage | 0.675 ≤ Z < 1.96 and SLOPE% > 0.25% and RST < 1, or Z ≥ 1.96 and RST < 1 |
IN | Rainfall erosivity showed a gradual increase trend during the study period | 0.675 < Z < 1.96 and SLOPE% > 0.25% and RST = 1, or Z ≥ 1.96 and RST = 1 |
No. | Time Internal | Duration Time | Region I Erosivity | Region II Erosivity | TP Erosivity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
El Niño events | |||||
1 | 1972.05–1973.03 | 11 | 282.09 | 233.00 | 201.92 |
2 | 1976.09–1977.02 | 6 | 90.57 | 216.53 | 198.37 |
3 | 1977.09–1978.01 | 5 | 114.40 | 132.34 | 120.58 |
4 | 1979.10–1980.02 | 5 | 104.33 | 209.91 | 175.40 |
5 | 1982.04–1983.06 | 15 | 83.32 | 214.03 | 174.49 |
6 | 1986.09–1988.02 | 18 | 315.97 | 221.63 | 225.18 |
7 | 1991.05–1992.06 | 14 | 106.09 | 256.33 | 210.08 |
8 | 1994.09–1995.03 | 7 | 74.89 | 167.78 | 142.50 |
9 | 1997.05–1998.05 | 13 | 144.15 | 235.53 | 193.00 |
10 | 2002.06–2003.02 | 9 | 141.13 | 251.03 | 208.63 |
11 | 2004.07–2005.02 | 8 | 155.69 | 247.67 | 133.83 |
12 | 2006.09–2007.01 | 5 | 84.40 | 167.47 | 188.51 |
13 | 2009.07–2010.03 | 9 | 128.03 | 217.52 | 170.04 |
14 | 2014.10–2016.04 | 19 | 63.75 | 193.68 | 204.68 |
15 | 2018.09–2019.06 | 10 | 318.80 | 169.55 | 201.92 |
La Niña events | |||||
1 | 1971.01–1972.01 | 12 | 105.87 | 162.81 | 142.12 |
2 | 1973.05–1974.07 | 15 | 101.82 | 327.52 | 197.69 |
3 | 1974.10–1976.04 | 19 | 136.34 | 246.86 | 234.16 |
4 | 1983.09–1984.01 | 5 | 170.46 | 216.68 | 191.36 |
5 | 1984.10–1985.08 | 11 | 125.46 | 251.72 | 216.24 |
6 | 1988.05–1989.05 | 13 | 408.05 | 261.23 | 486.03 |
7 | 1995.08–1996.03 | 8 | 117.67 | 249.63 | 190.13 |
8 | 1998.07–2001.02 | 32 | 153.16 | 264.05 | 209.01 |
9 | 2005.11–2006.03 | 5 | 474.19 | 124.57 | 142.75 |
10 | 2007.06–2008.06 | 13 | 155.75 | 201.97 | 178.10 |
11 | 2008.11–2009.03 | 5 | 283.13 | 123.77 | 138.83 |
12 | 2010.06–2011.05 | 12 | 102.80 | 214.74 | 185.26 |
13 | 2011.07–2012.04 | 10 | 195.09 | 192.46 | 187.99 |
14 | 2016.08–2016.12 | 5 | 109.84 | 251.42 | 223.47 |
15 | 2017.10–2018.04 | 7 | 48.87 | 116.56 | 101.67 |
16 | 2020.08–2020.12 | 5 | 93.12 | 156.05 | 229.36 |
Average monthly erosivity El Niño | 147.17 | 208.93 | 181.94 | ||
Average monthly erosivity La Niña | 173.85 | 210.13 | 203.39 | ||
Average monthly erosivity ENSO | 160.51 | 209.53 | 192.67 | ||
Average monthly erosivity non-ENSO | 140.48 | 253.09 | 213.77 | ||
Average monthly erosivity 1971–2020 | 146.25 | 233.68 | 208.12 |
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Cui, B.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, L.; Xu, Z.; Wang, Z.; Gu, C.; Wei, B.; Gong, D. Spatiotemporal Variation in Rainfall Erosivity and Correlation with the ENSO on the Tibetan Plateau since 1971. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 11054. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111054
Cui B, Zhang Y, Liu L, Xu Z, Wang Z, Gu C, Wei B, Gong D. Spatiotemporal Variation in Rainfall Erosivity and Correlation with the ENSO on the Tibetan Plateau since 1971. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(21):11054. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111054
Chicago/Turabian StyleCui, Bohao, Yili Zhang, Linshan Liu, Zehua Xu, Zhaofeng Wang, Changjun Gu, Bo Wei, and Dianqing Gong. 2021. "Spatiotemporal Variation in Rainfall Erosivity and Correlation with the ENSO on the Tibetan Plateau since 1971" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21: 11054. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111054