A Study of Differences in Leisure Satisfaction of Leisure Activity Patterns for South Korean Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Subject
2.2. Study Instrument
2.3. Validity and Reliability
2.4. Data Collation and Processing
2.5. Ethics Statement
3. Results
3.1. Equivalence
3.1.1. Configural Invariance
3.1.2. Matric Invariance
3.1.3. Scalar Invariance
3.2. Latent Mean Analysis and Effect Size
4. Discussion
5. Practical Application
6. Limitations and Future Research
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Ahn, B.W.; Kim, D.K.; Seol, S.H.; Lee, S.J. A study of leisure industry development in South Korea: Structural relationship between leisure facilitation, recreation specialization and wellness. J. Adv. Res. Dyn. Control Syst. 2020, 12, 403–411. [Google Scholar]
- Ahn, B.W.; Chon, T.J. Verification of relationships of serious leisure, leisure facilitator and psychological happiness among leisure sports participants in South Korea. Asia Life Sci. Suppl. 2018, 15, 1331–1339. [Google Scholar]
- Outdoor Industry Association. The Outdoor Recreation Economy; Outdoor Industry Association: Boulder, CO, USA, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Murphy, J.F. Concepts of Leisure, 2nd ed.; Prentice-Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA, 1981. [Google Scholar]
- Kelly, J.R. Leisure, 2nd ed.; Prentice-Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA, 1900. [Google Scholar]
- Sung, Y.; Ko, D.; Joon, J. Psychological meaning of leisure. Korean J. Ind. Organ. Psychol. 1996, 9, 17–40. [Google Scholar]
- Lee, C. Exploring the relationship between Leisure and self-management. J. Leis. Wellness 2012, 3, 43–52. [Google Scholar]
- Hur, N. The relationship between leisure satisfaction and self-realization according to the type of university students` leisure activities. Korean Soc. Leis. Recreat. 2015, 34, 39–49. [Google Scholar]
- Yasarturk, F. Analysis of the relationship between the academic self-efficacy and leisure satisfaction levels of university students. J. Educ. Train. Stud. 2019, 7, 106–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lloyd, K.M.; Auld, C.J. The role of leisure in determining quality of life: Issues of content and measurement. Soc. Indic. Res. 2002, 57, 43–71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beard, J.G.; Ragheb, M.G. Measuring leisure satisfaction. J. Leis. Res. 1980, 12, 20–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rojek, C. Capitalism and Leisure Theory (Routledge Revivals); Routledge: New York, NY, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Esentaş, M.; Güzel, P.; Yıldız, K.; Çokşen, M. The role of the quality of life of the participation to the time leisure time activities in nursing room. J. Phys. Educ. Sports Scie. 2018, 12, 235–241. [Google Scholar]
- Siegenthaler, K.L.; O'Dell, I. Leisure attitude, leisure satisfaction, and perceived freedom in leisure within family dyads. Leis. Sci. 2000, 22, 281–296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yaşartürk, F.; Akyüz, H.; Karataş, İ. Examination of university students’ levels of leisure boredom perception and life satisfaction towards recreative activities. Int. J. Cult. Soc. Stud. 2017, 3, 239–252. [Google Scholar]
- Pohl, S.L.; Borrie, W.T.; Patterson, M.E. Women, wilderness, and everyday life: A documentation of the connection between wilderness recreation and women’s everyday lives. J. Leis. Res. 2000, 32, 415–434. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Schreyer, R.; Driver, B. The benefits of leisure. In Understanding Leisure and Recreation; Mapping the Past, Charting the Future; Jackson, E., Burtob, T., Eds.; Venture Publishing: State College, PA, USA, 1989; pp. 385–419. [Google Scholar]
- Driver, B. The North American experience in measuring the benefits of leisure. In Proceedings, National Workshop on Measurement of Recreation Benefits; Hamilton Smith, E., Ed.; Philip Institute of Technology: Bandoora, Australia, 1990; pp. 1–57. [Google Scholar]
- Kao, C.H. A three-factor model of leisure benefits. J. Outdoor Recreat. Study 1995, 8, 67–78. [Google Scholar]
- Chen, Z.Y. The Study of Elementary Teachers’ Leisure Participation, Experience in Leisure Benefits, and Work Satisfaction in Taipei County; National Taiwan Normal University: Taipei City, Taiwan, 2001. [Google Scholar]
- Hung, H.J. A study on leisure benefits breaking through leisure activities. J. Natl. Taiwan Norm. Univ. 2012, 3, 77–92. [Google Scholar]
- Tinsley, H.F.; Croskets, C.F. Pars usage, Social milieu and psychological benefits of pars use reported by older urban park users form four ethnic groups. Leis. Sci. 2002, 24, 199–218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Allen, L.A. Primer: Benefit-based management of recreation services. Park Recreat. 1996, 31, 64–76. [Google Scholar]
- Robert, B.R.; John, B.L. Climate change and recreation benefits in an Alpine National Park. J. Leis. Res. 2005, 37, 307–320. [Google Scholar]
- Kim, J.; Kim, M.; Hong, S. Writing Thesis Using Structural Equations; Communication Books. Inc.: Seoul, Korea, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Austin, J.T.; Calder´on, R.F. Theoretical and technical contributions to structural equation modeling: An updated annotated bibliography. Struct. Equ. Model. 1996, 3, 105–175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hershberger, S.L. The growth of structural equation modelling: 1994–2001. Struct. Equ. Model. 2003, 10, 35–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tremblay, P.F.; Gardner, R.C. On the growth of structural equation modeling in psychological journals. Struct. Equ. Model. 1996, 3, 93–104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vandenberg, R.J.; Lance, C.E. A review and synthesis of the measurement equivalence literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organ. Res. Methods 2000, 3, 4–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ahn, B.; Yeo, I.; Ko, M. A Q-methodology study on the leisure satisfaction patterns for leisure activity participants. Korean J. Phys. Educ. 2009, 49, 103–113. [Google Scholar]
- Ahn, B. Analysis of Equivalence and Latent Mean on Leisure Satisfaction of Korean Adults. Information 2016, 19, 1181–1186. [Google Scholar]
- Kim, K. Amos 18.0 Structural Equation Model; Hannarae: Seoul, Korea, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Hong, S. The criteria for selecting appropriate fit indices in structural equation modeling and their rationales. Korean J. Clin. Psychol. 2000, 19, 161–177. [Google Scholar]
- Sung, T. Theory and Practice of Item Creation and Analysis; Hakjisa: Seoul, Korea, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Browne, M.W.; Cudeck, R. Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In Testing Structural Equation Models; Bollen, K.A., Long, J.S., Eds.; Sage: Newbury Park, CA, USA, 1993. [Google Scholar]
- Bentler, P.M. Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychol. Bull. 1990, 107, 238–246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tucker, L.R.; Lewis, C. A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika 1973, 38, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cohen, J.O. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences; Lawrence Erlbaum: Hillsdale, NJ, USA, 1988. [Google Scholar]
- Hu, L.T.; Bentler, P. Cut-off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure Analysis; Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct. Equ. Model. 1999, 6, 1–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, S.; Chon, T. A comparative study of latent means of leisure satisfaction between college sport and no-sport club participants. J. Leis. Recreat. Stud. 2010, 34, 23–33. [Google Scholar]
- Kim, E. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis and latent mean analysis of the TEOSQ scale-II. J. Sport Leis. Stud. 2008, 32, 869–880. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, E.; Kim, Y. The effect of leisure engagement of Fencing club participants on leisure satisfaction. Korea J. Sports Sci. 2020, 29, 229–240. [Google Scholar]
- Eifert, E.K.; Hall, M.; Smith, P.H.; Wideman, L. Quality of life as a mediator of leisure activity and perceived health among older women. J. Women Aging 2019, 31, 248–268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ahn, B. The structural relationship between serious leisure, leisure support, leisure satisfaction and psychological happiness among leisure activity participants. Korean J. Phys. Educ. 2017, 56, 485–496. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, S. The relationship among health-perception, exercise enjoyment and leisure satisfaction for College Students attended physical education. Korean J. Sports Sci. 2020, 29, 281–291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, J.; Kim, K.; Moon, H. The effects of health belief on health promotion education and leisure satisfaction among adolescents on the growth phase. Korean J. Growth Dev. 2018, 26, 477–485. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, K.; Lee, S. Effects of health perception and health promotion behavior on leisure satisfaction among the Middle-Aged participants in physical activities. Korean J. Sports Sci. 2011, 20, 293–308. [Google Scholar]
- Roh, Y. Awareness of Aging in Unmarried Middle-Aged Women. Unpubished Ph.D. Thesis, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korean, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Kim, H.; Kim, N. Analysis on cyclists’ segmentation and cycling environment preferences according to recreation specialization. J. Tour. Sci. 2012, 36, 253–274. [Google Scholar]
- Lee, S. The Influence of Recreation Specialization of Horse Riders on Leisure Commitment and Satisfaction. Unpublised Master’s Thesis, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korean, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- McFarlane, B. Specialization and motivations of birdwatchers. Wildl. Soci. Bull. 1994, 22, 361–370. [Google Scholar]
- Kim, E.; Kim, Y. Analysis of the relationship between leisure involvement depending on the types of leisure activities and leisure satisfaction of the Korean. J. Korean Soci. Rhythm. Exerc. 2020, 13, 39–50. [Google Scholar]
- Kim, S.; Kim, N. Comparison of the impacts of leisure environment on leisure satisfaction in Baby Boom Generation and millenial generation: Focused on the leisure sharer. J. Tour. Stud. 2020, 32, 121–143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Petrick, J.F.; Backman, S.J. An Examination of the Determinants of Golf Travelers’ Satisfaction. J. Travel Res. 2002, 40, 252–258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shin, W.; Kim, J. The leisure culture of unmarried working women in Korea. J. Korea Cult. Ind. 2014, 14, 49–56. [Google Scholar]
Item | N | % | Item | N | % | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 218 | 48.7 | Area | Seoul | 99 | 20.4 |
Female | 230 | 51.3 | Incheon | 97 | 20.0 | ||
Age | 20s | 187 | 41.7 | Gyeonggi | 98 | 20.2 | |
30s | 107 | 23.9 | Chungcheong | 96 | 19.8 | ||
40s | 73 | 16.3 | Gangwon | 95 | 19.6 | ||
50s and over | 81 | 18.1 | Participate Period | Under 1 year | 140 | 31.3 | |
Leisure Activity | Sports | 143 | 31.9 | 1–3 year under | 126 | 28.1 | |
Hobbies | 65 | 14.5 | 3–5 year under | 66 | 14.7 | ||
Viewing | 108 | 24.1 | 5 year over | 116 | 25.9 | ||
Social | 50 | 11.2 | Participate Frequency | 1 time | 183 | 40.8 | |
Tourism | 25 | 5.6 | 2 times | 128 | 28.6 | ||
Entertainment | 57 | 12.7 | 3 times over | 137 | 30.6 |
Item | Estimate | S.R. | S.E. | C.R. | Cronbach’s α |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ls3 | 1.000 | 0.435 | 0.751 | ||
Ls2 | 1.194 | 0.633 | 0.114 | 10.473 *** | |
Ls1 | 1.201 | 0.583 | 0.118 | 10.217 *** | |
Ls7 | 1.000 | 0.649 | 0.723 | ||
Ls6 | 1.144 | 0.856 | 0.059 | 19.314 *** | |
Ls5 | 1.030 | 0.343 | 0.106 | 9.690 *** | |
Ls4 | 0.837 | 0.668 | 0.047 | 17.643 *** | |
Ls10 | 1.000 | 0.706 | 0.811 | ||
Ls9 | 1.177 | 0.871 | 0.051 | 23.167 *** | |
Ls8 | 1.082 | 0.728 | 0.051 | 21.013 *** | |
Ls14 | 1.000 | 0.586 | 0.806 | ||
Ls13 | 1.288 | 0.717 | 0.088 | 14.609 *** | |
Ls12 | 1.119 | 0.547 | 0.089 | 12.632 *** | |
Ls11 | 0.992 | 0.572 | 0.075 | 13.176 *** | |
Ls17 | 1.000 | 0.681 | 0.792 | ||
Ls16 | 1.119 | 0.652 | 0.080 | 13.927 *** | |
Ls15 | 0.729 | 0.576 | 0.055 | 13.342 *** | |
Model fit: χ2/df = 2.729, TLI = 0.913, CFI 0.929, and RMSEA = 0.079 |
Model | χ2 | df | TLI | CFI | RMSEA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1: Configural invariance | 857.982 | 510 | 0.898 | 0.928 | 0.026 |
Model 2: Matric invariance | 948.471 | 565 | 0.889 | 0.881 | 0.026 |
Model 3: Scalar invariance | 1208.846 | 645 | 0.870 | 0.883 | 0.029 |
Model 4: Factor variance | 1253.310 | 670 | 0.874 | 0.899 | 0.029 |
Model | Δx | Δdf | Adoption |
---|---|---|---|
Matric invariance (Model 1 vs. Model 2) | 90.489 | 55 | Accept |
Scalar invariance (Model 2 vs. Model 3) | 260.345 | 80 | Accept |
Factor variance identity (Model 3 vs. Model 4) | 44.464 | 25 | Accept |
Sport | Hobby, Viewing, Social, Tour, Game | Effect Size | Total Mean | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Latent M | M | Latent M | M | |||
Self-development | 0 | 3.619 | −0.061 | 3.593 | 0.290 | 3.583 |
Stress solution | 0 | 4.089 | −0.190 *** | 3.936 | 0.549 | 3.973 |
Health promotion | 0 | 3.911 | −0.295 *** | 3.631 | 0.735 | 3.717 |
Skill development | 0 | 3.649 | −0.212 *** | 3.415 | 0.837 | 3.488 |
Interpersonal relations | 0 | 3.262 | −0.248 *** | 3.058 | 0.467 | 3.097 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Ahn, B.-W.; Song, W.-I. A Study of Differences in Leisure Satisfaction of Leisure Activity Patterns for South Korean Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 10790. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010790
Ahn B-W, Song W-I. A Study of Differences in Leisure Satisfaction of Leisure Activity Patterns for South Korean Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(20):10790. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010790
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhn, Byoung-Wook, and Won-Ick Song. 2021. "A Study of Differences in Leisure Satisfaction of Leisure Activity Patterns for South Korean Adults" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 20: 10790. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010790