Evolution Characters and Influencing Factors of Regional Eco-Efficiency in a Developing Country: Evidence from Mongolia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Analysis Method of Economic Efficiency and Eco-Efficiency: SBM Model
2.2. Analysis Method of Spatial Pattern: Analysis of Hot Spot and Center of Gravity
2.3. Influencing Factors Analysis Method: Panel Tobit Analysis
2.4. Indicators
2.5. Data
2.6. Study Area
3. Results
3.1. Temporal Evolution of Eco-Efficiency in Mongolia
3.2. Spatial Evolution of Eco-Efficiency in Mongolia
3.3. Coupling Relationship Analysis of Economic Efficiency and Eco-Efficiency in Mongolia
3.4. The Influencing Factors of Eco-Efficiency in Mongolia
4. Discussions
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- Mongolian eco-efficiency development was consistent with economic efficiency; the relationship between eco-efficiency and economic development followed theEnvironmental Kuznets theory. The eco-efficiency was slightly lower than the economic efficiency, and the efficiency of the economic development is the basis of the high eco-efficiency. The two efficiencies’ range of change was 0.68–0.83, and the increase of eco-efficiency from 2007 to 2016 was not obvious. According to the relationship between eco-efficiency and economic development in Mongolia, it is difficult to achieve high eco-efficiency only through improving economic efficiency or economic growth. A good political system was important to the economic system as well as the ecosystem.
- (2)
- The spillover effect and polarization effect of economic productive factors have promoted the spatial pattern of Ulaanbaatar and its surrounding areas as the hot spot of eco-efficiency. Ulaanbaatar, Govisumber, Orkhon, and Bulgan were at the frontier of eco-efficiency. Bayan-Olgii was an inefficient province in the western region. The trajectory of the gravity center of eco-efficiency from 2007 to 2016 obviously moved to the hot spot and high eco-efficiency provinces. The evolution characters of eco-efficiency in Mongolia was a result of the impacts of the spillover effect and polarization effect on the productive factors flowing between the provinces.
- (3)
- Green technology and industrial structure should pay more attention to improve the eco-efficiency in Mongolia. Environmental regulation by waste management has not played a positive role in Mongolia’s eco-efficiency. Facing a fragile ecological environment, Mongolia needs to green industries with green technology to reduce energy consumption and pollution emissions, introduce green finance to optimize the industrial structure, and improve the evaluation system with eco-efficiency concepts and measures to realize win–win development of Mongolia’s ecological environment and its economy to achieve SDGs of economic growth and affordable and clean energy.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Efficiency | Input-Output | Indicator | Data Sources | Unit |
---|---|---|---|---|
Economic efficiency | Input | Labor | Statistical yearbook | Thousand persons |
Capital investment | Formula (6) | bln MNT | ||
Output | Gdp | Statistical yearbook | bln MNT | |
Eco-efficiency | Input | Labor | Statistical yearbook | Thousand persons |
Capital investment | Formula (6) | bln MNT | ||
Energy consumption | Formula (7) | mln ton | ||
Output | Gdp | Statistical yearbook | bln MNT | |
Undesirable output | SO2 emissions | Statistical yearbook | Micrograms per m3 |
Aimags and the Capital City | Territory (Thousand km2) | Aimags and the Capital City | Territory (Thousand km2) |
---|---|---|---|
Total | 1564.1 | ||
Western region | 415.3 | Central region | 473.6 |
Bayan-Ulgii | 45.7 | Govisumber | 5.5 |
Govi-Altai | 141.4 | Darkhan-Uul | 3.3 |
Zavkhan | 82.5 | Dornogovi | 109.5 |
Uvs | 69.6 | Dundgovi | 74.7 |
Khovd | 76.1 | Umnugovi | 165.4 |
Khangai region | 384.3 | Selenge | 41.2 |
Arkhangai | 55.3 | Tuv | 74.0 |
Bayankhongor | 116.0 | Eastern region | 286.2 |
Bulgan | 48.7 | Dornod | 123.6 |
Orkhon | 0.8 | Sukhbaatar | 82.3 |
Uvurkhangai | 62.9 | Khentii | 80.3 |
Khuvsgul | 100.6 | Ulaanbaatar | 4.7 |
Variable Meaning | Unit | Variable for Regression | Mean | Std.Dev. | Min. | Max. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eco-efficiency | - | EE | 0.738 | 0.229 | 0.149 | 1 |
Economic development | bln MNT | lnGDP | 7.926 | 0.687 | 6.222 | 9.504 |
Economic development | (bln MNT)2 | lnGDP2 | 63.287 | 10.914 | 38.713 | 90.327 |
Environment regulation | truck | lnEI | 3.597 | 0.691 | 0.693 | 5.663 |
Industry structure | % | IS | 0.325 | 0.195 | −0.329 | 0.892 |
Population density | people/km2 | lnPD | 0.597 | 1.700 | −1.204 | 5.725 |
Capital | bln MNT | RI | 0.573 | 0.422 | 0.136 | 3.173 |
Green technology | t/MNT | RE | 0.182 | 0.110 | 0.058 | 0.644 |
Variable | Coef. | Std.Err. | z | p > |z| |
---|---|---|---|---|
lnGDP | −1.674 | 0.516 | −3.24 | 0.001 |
lnGDP2 | 0.111 | 0.033 | 3.33 | 0.001 |
lnEI | −0.044 | 0.025 | −1.8 | 0.072 |
IS | 0.032 | 0.064 | 0.5 | 0.620 |
lnPD | 0.091 | 0.037 | 2.45 | 0.014 |
RI | −0.059 | 0.040 | −1.48 | 0.138 |
RE | −0.652 | 0.225 | −2.89 | 0.004 |
Constant | 7.350 | 1.998 | 3.68 | 0.000 |
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Xia, B.; Dong, S.; Li, Y.; Li, Z.; Sun, D.; Zhang, W.; Li, W. Evolution Characters and Influencing Factors of Regional Eco-Efficiency in a Developing Country: Evidence from Mongolia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 10719. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010719
Xia B, Dong S, Li Y, Li Z, Sun D, Zhang W, Li W. Evolution Characters and Influencing Factors of Regional Eco-Efficiency in a Developing Country: Evidence from Mongolia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(20):10719. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010719
Chicago/Turabian StyleXia, Bing, Suocheng Dong, Yu Li, Zehong Li, Dongqi Sun, Wenbiao Zhang, and Wenlong Li. 2021. "Evolution Characters and Influencing Factors of Regional Eco-Efficiency in a Developing Country: Evidence from Mongolia" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 20: 10719. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010719