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Article

Untargeted Urinary Metabolomics and Children’s Exposure to Secondhand Smoke: The Influence of Individual Differences

by
Huiwei Zhu
1,2,
Abu S. Abdullah
3,4,5,*,
Jingyi He
1,2,
Jianxiong Xi
1,2,
Yimeng Mao
1,2,
Yitian Feng
1,2,
Qianyi Xiao
1,2,* and
Pinpin Zheng
1,2
1
Department of Preventive Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
2
Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
3
Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan 215347, China
4
Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
5
Department of General Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(2), 710; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020710
Submission received: 5 December 2020 / Revised: 30 December 2020 / Accepted: 9 January 2021 / Published: 15 January 2021
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Abstract

Children’s exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) is a severe public health problem. There is still a lack of evidence regarding panoramic changes in children’s urinary metabolites induced by their involuntary exposure to SHS, and few studies have considered individual differences. This study aims to clarify the SHS-induced changes in urinary metabolites in preschool children by using cross-sectional and longitudinal metabolomics analyses. Urinary metabolites were quantified by using untargeted ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC(c)-MS/MS). Urine cotinine-measured SHS exposure was examined to determine the exposure level. A cross-sectional study including 17 children in a low-exposure group, 17 in a medium-exposure group, and 17 in a high-exposure group was first conducted. Then, a before–after study in the cohort of children was carried out before and two months after smoking-cessation intervention for family smokers. A total of 43 metabolites were discovered to be related to SHS exposure in children in the cross-sectional analysis (false discovery rate (FDR) corrected p < 0.05, variable importance in the projection (VIP) > 1.0). Only three metabolites were confirmed to be positively associated with children’s exposure to SHS (FDR corrected p < 0.05) in a follow-up longitudinal analysis, including kynurenine, tyrosyl-tryptophan, and 1-(3-pyridinyl)-1,4-butanediol, the latter of which belongs to carbonyl compounds, peptides, and pyridines. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis indicated that 1-(3-pyridinyl)-1,4-butanediol and kynurenine were significantly enriched in xenobiotic metabolism by cytochrome P450 (p = 0.040) and tryptophan metabolism (p = 0.030), respectively. These findings provide new insights into the pathophysiological mechanism of SHS and indicate the influence of individual differences in SHS-induced changes in urinary metabolites in children.
Keywords: secondhand smoke; metabolomics; untargeted; children; cotinine secondhand smoke; metabolomics; untargeted; children; cotinine

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MDPI and ACS Style

Zhu, H.; Abdullah, A.S.; He, J.; Xi, J.; Mao, Y.; Feng, Y.; Xiao, Q.; Zheng, P. Untargeted Urinary Metabolomics and Children’s Exposure to Secondhand Smoke: The Influence of Individual Differences. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 710. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020710

AMA Style

Zhu H, Abdullah AS, He J, Xi J, Mao Y, Feng Y, Xiao Q, Zheng P. Untargeted Urinary Metabolomics and Children’s Exposure to Secondhand Smoke: The Influence of Individual Differences. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(2):710. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020710

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhu, Huiwei, Abu S. Abdullah, Jingyi He, Jianxiong Xi, Yimeng Mao, Yitian Feng, Qianyi Xiao, and Pinpin Zheng. 2021. "Untargeted Urinary Metabolomics and Children’s Exposure to Secondhand Smoke: The Influence of Individual Differences" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2: 710. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020710

APA Style

Zhu, H., Abdullah, A. S., He, J., Xi, J., Mao, Y., Feng, Y., Xiao, Q., & Zheng, P. (2021). Untargeted Urinary Metabolomics and Children’s Exposure to Secondhand Smoke: The Influence of Individual Differences. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2), 710. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020710

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