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Volume 18
Issue 2
10.3390/ijerph18020648
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Review

Plausible Role of Estrogens in Pathogenesis, Progression and Therapy of Lung Cancer

by
Claudia Musial
1,
Renata Zaucha
2,
Alicja Kuban-Jankowska
1,
Lucyna Konieczna
3,
Mariusz Belka
3,
Antonella Marino Gammazza
4,
Tomasz Baczek
3,
Francesco Cappello
4,
Michal Wozniak
1 and
Magdalena Gorska-Ponikowska
1,*
1
Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
2
Department of Clinical Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland
3
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
4
Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(2), 648; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020648
Submission received: 30 November 2020 / Revised: 5 January 2021 / Accepted: 8 January 2021 / Published: 14 January 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Women’s Health: Molecular and Morphological Perspectives)
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Abstract

Malignant neoplasms are among the most common diseases and are responsible for the majority of deaths in the developed world. In contrast to men, available data show a clear upward trend in the incidence of lung cancer in women, making it almost as prevalent as breast cancer. Women might be more susceptible to the carcinogenic effect of tobacco smoke than men. Furthermore, available data indicate a much more frequent mutation of the tumor suppressor gene-p53 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) female patients compared to males. Another important factor, however, might lie in the female sex hormones, whose mitogenic or carcinogenic effect is well known. Epidemiologic data show a correlation between hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or oral contraceptives (OCs), and increased mortality rates due to the increased incidence of malignant tumors, including lung cancer. Interestingly, two types of estrogen receptors have been detected in lung cancer cells: ERα and ERβ. The presence of ERα has been detected in tissues and non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cell lines. In contrast, overexpression of ERβ is a prognostic marker in NSCLC. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of estrogens in the etiopathogenesis of lung cancer, as well as biological, hormonal and genetic sex-related differences in this neoplasm.
Keywords: estrogens; lung cancer; sex hormones; lung adenocarcinoma; estrogen receptor; 17β-estradiol; p53; A549; non-small cell lung cancer; NSCLC estrogens; lung cancer; sex hormones; lung adenocarcinoma; estrogen receptor; 17β-estradiol; p53; A549; non-small cell lung cancer; NSCLC

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MDPI and ACS Style

Musial, C.; Zaucha, R.; Kuban-Jankowska, A.; Konieczna, L.; Belka, M.; Marino Gammazza, A.; Baczek, T.; Cappello, F.; Wozniak, M.; Gorska-Ponikowska, M. Plausible Role of Estrogens in Pathogenesis, Progression and Therapy of Lung Cancer. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 648. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020648

AMA Style

Musial C, Zaucha R, Kuban-Jankowska A, Konieczna L, Belka M, Marino Gammazza A, Baczek T, Cappello F, Wozniak M, Gorska-Ponikowska M. Plausible Role of Estrogens in Pathogenesis, Progression and Therapy of Lung Cancer. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(2):648. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020648

Chicago/Turabian Style

Musial, Claudia, Renata Zaucha, Alicja Kuban-Jankowska, Lucyna Konieczna, Mariusz Belka, Antonella Marino Gammazza, Tomasz Baczek, Francesco Cappello, Michal Wozniak, and Magdalena Gorska-Ponikowska. 2021. "Plausible Role of Estrogens in Pathogenesis, Progression and Therapy of Lung Cancer" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2: 648. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020648

APA Style

Musial, C., Zaucha, R., Kuban-Jankowska, A., Konieczna, L., Belka, M., Marino Gammazza, A., Baczek, T., Cappello, F., Wozniak, M., & Gorska-Ponikowska, M. (2021). Plausible Role of Estrogens in Pathogenesis, Progression and Therapy of Lung Cancer. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2), 648. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020648

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