Bannink et al. 2015 [35], Netherlands, 2012 | (i) Cross sectional (ii) 44 first-year classes from the two lowest levels of vocational education setting | N = 584 students Mean age = 18.3 ± 2.59 years 38.9% boys 27.9% Dutch 10.6% had a child | (i) Study information received by all students and parents a few weeks prior to study commencement (ii) Two lowest levels of vocational education (the easiest levels) (iii) 70.4% | Cigarette smoking: Frequency of smoking at the time of assessment (no smoking to every day) Alcohol use: number of alcoholic drinks consumed on a single occasion in the past 4 days Depression: Frequency of depressive symptoms using the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) * Frequency of cannabis use in the past 4 weeks also measured which is included in the co-occurrence of health risk factors results | 18.1% used two substances 11.0% used three substances. | 2 clusters: 1. “substance use” cluster: Binge drinking, cannabis use and cigarette smoking 2. “problem behaviour” cluster: delinquency, truancy and incurring debts | (i) Not reported (ii) Ethnicity and Depressive symptoms associated with “substance use” cluster |
Bonevski et al. 2013 [36], Australia, 2010 | (i) Cross sectional (ii) One Technical and Further Education (TAFE) campus | N = 224 Age = 16 years and above 51.3% females 67.1% Australian-born, 80% spoke English at home, 55.6% lived with parent/guardian, 46.3% earned < $300 as personal weekly income, 59% attended TAFE full time | (i) Identified key contact distributed information letters to consenting teachers to give to eligible students 1 week before survey administration. (ii) Classes with high number of English-speaking students, on-campus classes and a high proportion of younger students (16–24 years). (iii) 97% | Smoking: Current smoking status Fruit and vegetable consumption: Number of daily fruit and vegetable serves Alcohol use: Number of standard drinks consumed on one occasion. Physical activity: Total times spent engaging in moderate and vigorous physical activity Body Mass index: Calculated based on self-reported height and weight * Sun tanning behaviour also measured which is included in the co-occurrence of health risk factors results | 98% reported two or more health risk behaviours. | Not reported | Not reported |
Cadigan and Lee, 2019 [37], USA, not stated | (i) Cross sectional (ii) Three public community colleges | N = 142 Mean age = 22.75 ± 3.34 years 69.7% female 58.9% White 12.8% Asian 5.7% Black 14.9% multiracial 2.8% American Indian/Alaskan Native, 2.8% Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, 2.1% other ethnicity | (i) Displayed posters and distributed handouts at campuses, ads in college newspapers and emails. (ii) 18- to 29-year-olds, enrolled full or part time at community colleges, engaged in heavy drinking (i.e., 4+/5+ drinks for women and men respectively or exceeding weekly National Institution on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism drinking recommendations of 8+/15+ for women and men respectively) and owned/used a cell phone (iii) 90% | Alcohol use: Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) to measure the quantity and frequency of alcohol use and consequences of alcohol use. Depression: Depressive symptoms assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8) Anxiety: Anxiety symptoms assessed using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) | 21.8% depression and anxiety 32% heavy drinking and depression 25% heavy drinking and anxiety | Not reported | Not reported |
Chyderiotis et al. 2020 [38], France, 2008 and 2017 | (i) Cross- sectional (ii) Vocational students and apprentices | 2008 n = 4564 apprentices Mean age = 17.4 years 2017 sample A n = 877 apprentices Mean age = 17.4 years 73.7% boys 54.9% living with parents 53.1% grade repetition 2017 Sample B N = 949 Mean age = 17.4 years 73.8% boys 54.5% living with parents 55.8% grade repetition | (i) All adolescents who attended the National Defence and Citizenship Day (JDC) were invited to participate. (ii) Apprentices aged 17 in 2008 and 2017 (iii) >90% in 2008 and 2017 | Cigarette smoking: Smoking during the last 30 days. Alcohol use: Alcohol use in the past month | Sample A 2008 54.6% daily smoking and alcohol use in the past month 2017 sample A 51.1% daily smoking and alcohol use in the past month Sample B 2017 52.1% daily smoking and alcohol use in the past month | Not reported | Not reported |
Haug et al. 2013 [42], Switzerland, 2011-2012 | (i) Cross-sectional (ii) 24 post-secondary vocational education campuses | (i) N = 2647 Median age = 18 years 50.9% females 78.8% had secondary school education 53.8% no immigrant background | (i) All students in participating classes invited by externally trained staff to participate in the survey during a health education lesson. (ii) Not stated (iii) 99.5% | Tobacco smoking: daily /occasional smokers Alcohol use: quantity consumed, frequency of consumption and binge drinking in the previous year Physical activity: hours spent engaging in moderate to vigorous physical activity in a week | 34% had two health risk factors 24.5% hazardous drinking and tobacco smoking 6.4% hazardous drinking and physical inactivity 3.1% tobacco smoking and physical inactivity 9.6% had all three health risk factors | Not reported | (i) Gender (ii) Age (iii) Education (iv) Ethnicity |
Jeffries et al. 2018 [39], USA, 2011 and 2012 | (i) Cross sectional (ii) Three 2-year community colleges | N = 441 Mean age 22.7 ± 5 years 67.6% female 72.6% white Average BMI = 25.4 ± 3.8 54.4% living with parent | (i) Not stated (ii) Enrolled in the Choosing Healthy Options in College Environments and Settings (CHOICES) study and completed baseline assessments. (iii) 99.5% | Tobacco smoking: daily/occasional smokers Alcohol use: Binge drinking within the past 30 days Physical activity: Total minutes spent engaging in moderate-intensity aerobic activity in a week Body mass index: Height (metres) and weight (kg) measured by trained staff using height boards and scales. | Not reported | 3 classes Class 1 (13.1%): active, binge-drinkers with a healthy dietary intake Class 2 (38.2%): non-active, moderate-smokers and non-drinkers with poor dietary intake Class 3 (48.7%): moderately active, non-smoking and non-drinkers with moderately healthy dietary intake | (i) Body mass index (BMI) associated with class 2 membership Age associated with class 1 membership |
Tomcyzk et al. 2016 [40] Germany Year of data collection not reported | (i) Longitudinal (ii) 49 vocational schools in seven German states | N = 5688 54% males Mean Age = 19.39 ± 3.92 years | (i) Not stated (ii) Not stated (iii) 79% | Substance use: frequency of use of alcohol and cigarettes * Other substances measured included: Cannabis/marijuana | Not reported | 3 classes Class 1 (43%) “low users” had low scores on all substance use Class 2 (50%) “alcohol users” had students with high scores for alcohol use and average scores on cigarette use Class 3 (7%) “polysubstance use” had students with high scores on all substance use | Job stress associated with class 3. |
Underwood et al. 2007 [41], United Kingdom, 2000 and 2005 | (i) Cross-sectional (ii) 77 Vocational dental practitioners (VDP) | 2000 N = 534 2005 N = 502 No sample characteristics were reported. | (i) Questionnaire packs were sent to all UK VDP advisors, for distribution to their VDP groups at their next study day. (ii) Not reported (iii) 75% in 2000 and 66% in 2005 | Frequency and amount of tobacco smoking and alcohol use | 55% smoked tobacco and drank alcohol | Not reported | Not reported |