The Correlation amongst Salty Taste Preference and Overactive Bladder Symptoms in Female Individuals
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Data and Subjects
2.2. Measurements
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Ethics Statement
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Subcategory | Salty Taste Preference | Total | Test Statistic | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neutral | Blandly | Salty | ||||||||
(n = 60,533) | (n = 27,292) | (n = 27,753) | ||||||||
n | Proportion | n | Proportion | n | Proportion | n | ||||
Age | 19–29 | 6017 | 47.6 | 2618 | 20.7 | 4002 | 31.7 | 12,637 | 73.361 | <0.001 |
30–39 | 9511 | 53 | 4625 | 25.8 | 3815 | 21.3 | 17,951 | |||
40–49 | 12,206 | 56.3 | 5307 | 24.5 | 4180 | 19.3 | 21,693 | |||
50–59 | 12,443 | 55.3 | 5647 | 25.1 | 4392 | 19.5 | 22,482 | |||
60–69 | 9465 | 51.9 | 3945 | 21.6 | 4833 | 26.5 | 18,243 | |||
70–79 | 8101 | 48.6 | 3695 | 22.2 | 4875 | 29.2 | 16,671 | |||
80–89 | 2555 | 47.4 | 1325 | 24.6 | 1515 | 28.1 | 5395 | |||
90 or higher | 235 | 46.4 | 130 | 25.7 | 141 | 27.9 | 506 | |||
Marital Status | Married | 40,945 | 54.3 | 18,119 | 24 | 16,318 | 21.6 | 75,382 | 151.429 | <0.001 |
Separated, divorced, widowed | 13,138 | 49 | 6330 | 23.6 | 7359 | 27.4 | 26,827 | |||
Unmarried | 6450 | 48.2 | 2843 | 21.3 | 4076 | 30.5 | 13,369 | |||
Education Level | Elementary graduate or lower | 10,072 | 47.9 | 4370 | 20.8 | 6589 | 31.3 | 21,031 | 75.288 | <0.001 |
Middle school graduate | 10,716 | 53 | 4170 | 20.6 | 5326 | 26.4 | 20,212 | |||
High school graduate | 6865 | 55.4 | 2816 | 22.7 | 2709 | 21.9 | 12,390 | |||
College graduate or higher | 32,880 | 53.1 | 15,936 | 25.7 | 13,129 | 21.2 | 61,945 | |||
Household income | 1st Quartile (lowest) | 16,326 | 50.2 | 7263 | 22.3 | 8944 | 27.5 | 32,533 | 22.796 | <0.001 |
2nd Quartile | 16,770 | 53.1 | 7343 | 23.3 | 7452 | 23.6 | 31,565 | |||
3rd Quartile | 13,920 | 54 | 6107 | 23.7 | 5731 | 22.2 | 25,758 | |||
4th Quartile (highest) | 13,517 | 52.6 | 6579 | 25.6 | 5626 | 21.9 | 25,722 | |||
Residential area | Capital | 5882 | 51.8 | 2887 | 25.4 | 2597 | 22.8 | 11,366 | 2.617 | 0.035 |
Urban | 11,789 | 51.6 | 5606 | 24.5 | 5450 | 23.9 | 22,845 | |||
Rural | 42,862 | 52.7 | 18,799 | 23.1 | 19,706 | 24.2 | 81,367 | |||
Hypertension | No | 46,748 | 53.3 | 20,789 | 23.7 | 20,155 | 23 | 87,692 | 37.078 | <0.001 |
Yes | 13,785 | 49.4 | 6503 | 23.3 | 7598 | 27.2 | 27,886 | |||
Diabetes | No | 55,878 | 52.7 | 24,833 | 23.4 | 25,318 | 23.9 | 106,029 | 11.9 | <0.001 |
Yes | 4655 | 48.7 | 2459 | 25.8 | 2435 | 25.5 | 9549 | |||
Dyslipidemia | No | 54,013 | 52.6 | 24,233 | 23.6 | 24,396 | 23.8 | 102,642 | 4.452 | 0.012 |
Yes | 6520 | 50.4 | 3059 | 23.6 | 3357 | 26 | 12,936 | |||
Breakfast eating (weekly) | 5–7 days | 48,928 | 52.8 | 22,685 | 24.5 | 21,140 | 22.8 | 92,753 | 122.33 | <0.001 |
1–4 days | 6813 | 52.1 | 2618 | 20 | 3642 | 27.9 | 13,073 | |||
Never | 4792 | 49.1 | 1989 | 20.4 | 2971 | 30.5 | 9752 | |||
OABSS—daytime frequency | ≤7 | 47,237 | 53.3 | 20,644 | 23.3 | 20,700 | 23.4 | 88,581 | 20.352 | <0.001 |
8~14 | 12,589 | 49.7 | 6223 | 24.6 | 6534 | 25.8 | 25,346 | |||
≥15 | 707 | 42.8 | 425 | 25.7 | 519 | 31.4 | 1651 | |||
OABSS—nighttime frequency) | 0 | 26,636 | 53.8 | 12,218 | 24.7 | 10,672 | 21.5 | 49,526 | 33.066 | <0.001 |
1 | 20,560 | 53.4 | 8856 | 23 | 9099 | 23.6 | 38,515 | |||
2 | 8227 | 49.8 | 3753 | 22.7 | 4536 | 27.5 | 16,516 | |||
≥3 | 5110 | 46.4 | 2465 | 22.4 | 3446 | 31.3 | 11,021 | |||
OABSS—urgency | None | 51,924 | 53.2 | 23,187 | 23.8 | 22,403 | 23 | 97,514 | 24.416 | <0.001 |
Less than once a week | 4702 | 49.8 | 2081 | 22 | 2655 | 28.1 | 9438 | |||
Once a week or more | 1895 | 46.8 | 910 | 22.5 | 1244 | 30.7 | 4049 | |||
About once a day | 955 | 46.2 | 486 | 23.5 | 626 | 30.3 | 2067 | |||
2–4 times a day | 687 | 41.5 | 403 | 24.4 | 564 | 34.1 | 1654 | |||
5 times a day or more | 370 | 43.2 | 225 | 26.3 | 261 | 30.5 | 856 | |||
OABSS—urge incontinence | None | 55,147 | 53 | 24,653 | 23.7 | 24,319 | 23.4 | 104,119 | 15.789 | <0.001 |
Less than once a week | 3052 | 49 | 1402 | 22.5 | 1772 | 28.5 | 6226 | |||
Once a week or more | 1186 | 46.3 | 577 | 22.5 | 801 | 31.2 | 2564 | |||
About once a day | 575 | 43.7 | 305 | 23.2 | 435 | 33.1 | 1315 | |||
2–4 times a day | 400 | 41.5 | 258 | 26.8 | 305 | 31.7 | 963 | |||
5 times a day or more | 173 | 44.2 | 97 | 24.8 | 121 | 30.9 | 391 | |||
OAB severity | Mild | 57,529 | 52.9 | 25,655 | 23.6 | 25,585 | 23.5 | 108,769 | 33.409 | <0.001 |
Moderate | 2645 | 44.5 | 1412 | 23.8 | 1883 | 31.7 | 5940 | |||
Severe | 359 | 41.3 | 225 | 25.9 | 285 | 32.8 | 869 |
Salty Taste Preference | Overactive Bladder Symptom Score (Score Range = 0 to 15) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age-Adjusted | Multivariable Adjusted | |||||||||
IRR | Linearized SE | p-Value | 95% CI | IRR | Linearized | p-Value | 95% CI | |||
SE | ||||||||||
Neutral | (Ref) | (Ref) | ||||||||
Blandly | 1.065 | 0.013 | <0.001 | 1.039 | 1.092 | 1.071 | 0.013 | <0.001 | 1.045 | 1.097 |
Salty | 1.236 | 0.012 | <0.001 | 1.207 | 1.267 | 1.205 | 0.015 | <0.001 | 1.177 | 1.234 |
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Noh, J.-W.; Kim, K.-B.; Kim, J.H.; Kwon, Y.D. The Correlation amongst Salty Taste Preference and Overactive Bladder Symptoms in Female Individuals. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 518. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020518
Noh J-W, Kim K-B, Kim JH, Kwon YD. The Correlation amongst Salty Taste Preference and Overactive Bladder Symptoms in Female Individuals. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(2):518. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020518
Chicago/Turabian StyleNoh, Jin-Won, Kyoung-Beom Kim, Jae Heon Kim, and Young Dae Kwon. 2021. "The Correlation amongst Salty Taste Preference and Overactive Bladder Symptoms in Female Individuals" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2: 518. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020518