Effects of Rare Earth Elements on Blood Pressure and Their Exposure Biomarkers: Evidence from Animal Experiments
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Method
2.1. Reagents
2.2. Rat Model
2.3. Quantitative Analysis
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Exposure Biomarkers of REEs in Rats
3.2. Effects of REE Intake on Blood Pressure
3.3. Correlation between REE Administration and Oxidative Stress Damage
4. Discussion
Limitations, Advantages, and Implications
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data and materials availability
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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REEs | Control | Low | Middle | High | Ptrendc |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unit: ng/g rat’s fur | Stage-I | ||||
La | 1349 ± 1088 a | 505 ± 218 | 400 ± 164 | 497 ± 364 | 0.031 |
Ce | 4308 ± 2460 | 1661 ± 397 | 975 ± 290 | 6095 ± 7335 | 0.972 |
Pr | 364 ± 395 | / | 209 ± 207 | 117.18 | / |
Nd | 1139 ± 1332 | / | / | 196 ± 155 | / |
Sm | 208 ± 149 | 112 ± 45.8 | 213 ± 308 | 126 ± 43.9 | 0.776 |
Eu | 746 ± 868 | 334 ± 253 | 706 ± 944 | 218 ± 127 | 0.318 |
Gd | 545 ± 719 | / | 329.11 | 538 | / |
Tb | 509 ± 527 | 97.9 ± 58.2 | 291 ± 241 | 193 ± 192 | 0.211 |
Dy | 254 ± 153 | 66.4 ± 42.9 | 187 ± 224 | 56.7 ± 47.7 | 0.124 |
Ho | 104 ± 34.0 | 49.7 ± 11.7 | 135 ± 213 | 34.6 ± 14.9 | 0.550 |
Er | 114 ± 74.75 | 107 ± 140 | 156 ± 216 | 34.2 ± 28.6 | 0.446 |
Tm | 24.548 ± 13.9 | 5.86 | 189 ± 277 | 22.8 ± 12.2 | 0.952 |
Yb | 94.7 ± 74.4 | 26.1 ± 15.1 | 204 ± 272 | 40.4 ± 30.7 | 0.985 |
Y | 1002 ± 486 | 423.5 ± 138.3 | 480 ± 227 | 285 ± 205 | 0.001 |
ΣREEs b | 9501 ± 6389 | 2887 ± 504 | 3482 ± 2173 | 4208 ± 6492 | 0.079 |
Stage-II | |||||
La | 1068 ± 375 | 1266 ± 624 | 1725 ± 622 | 6368 ± 3063 | 0.002 |
Ce | 2214 ± 1151 | 2281 ± 1138 | 2303 ± 558 | 5848 ± 3094 | <0.001 |
Pr | 295 ± 148 | 444 ± 447 | 326 ± 111 | 1353 ± 782 | <0.001 |
Nd | 792 ± 242 | 1504 ± 1575 | 1230 ± 500 | 5185 ± 3109 | <0.001 |
Sm | 179 ± 93.3 | 177 ± 71.1 | 269 ± 92 | 1033 ± 595 | 0.009 |
Eu | 257 ± 138 | 124 ± 37.9 | 255 ± 179 | 433 ± 156 | 0.005 |
Gd | 273 ± 180 | 457 ± 539 | 344 ± 130 | 1629 ± 928 | 0.006 |
Tb | 185 ± 218 | 246 ± 69.3 | 167 ± 49.8 | 297 ± 96.5 | 0.034 |
Dy | 166 ± 106 | 156 ± 68.9 | 249 ± 76 | 962 ± 439 | 0.004 |
Ho | 29.5 ± 15.7 | 28.4 ± 10.5 | 43.6 ± 14.7 | 175 ± 61.3 | 0.002 |
Er | 98.4 ± 48.5 | 108 ± 38.9 | 163.1032 ± 57.7 | 683 ± 305 | 0.029 |
Tm | 16.5 ± 12.0 | 16.3 ± 8.88 | 21.5 ± 6.06 | 107 ± 37.9 | <0.001 |
Yb | 123 ± 107 | 113 ± 47 | 168 ± 60.3 | 686 ± 303 | 0.003 |
Y | 549 ± 113 | 747 ± 236 | 924 ± 314 | 2541 ± 1049 | 0.018 |
ΣREEs | 5938 ± 2129 | 7513 ± 3952 | 8252 ± 2039 | 30,693 ± 149,23 | 0.007 |
Stage-III | |||||
La | 497 ± 205 | 904 ± 942 | 417 ± 229 | 3927 ± 1476 | 0.002 |
Ce | 542 ± 337 | 1398 ± 1349 | 948 ± 424 | 3717 ± 1358 | <0.001 |
Pr | 115 ± 83 | 195 ± 220 | 407 ± 215 | 1255 ± 407 | <0.001 |
Nd | 518 ± 324 | 918 ± 1100 | 1701 ± 905 | 5098 ± 1397 | <0.001 |
Sm | 55.4 ± 47.4 | 347 ± 309 | 32.9 ± 32.7 | 693 ± 330 | 0.009 |
Eu | / | 129 | 131 ± 137 | 316 ± 96 | / |
Gd | 253 ± 123 | 243 ± 250 | 579 ± 377 | 1636 ± 602 | <0.001 |
Tb | 1338 ± 2216 | 110 ± 67.9 | 733 ± 759 | 651 ± 621 | 0.464 |
Dy | 150 ± 151 | 66.8 ± 65.8 | 60.1 ± 34.9 | 638 ± 286 | 0.004 |
Ho | 44.9 | 1.65 | / | 76.2 ± 37.3 | / |
Er | 65.8 ± 87.4 | 36.5 | 16.5 ± 21.6 | 338 ± 158 | 0.029 |
Tm | 3.5 | / | / | 46.6 ± 28.6 | / |
Yb | 70.1 ± 84.4 | 14.3 ± 11.2 | 30.9 ± 21.7 | 354 ± 131 | 0.003 |
Y | 500 ± 697 | 218 ± 175 | 230 ± 108 | 1326 ± 443 | 0.018 |
ΣREEs | 3285 ± 2745 | 5245 ± 7424 | 4891 ± 1952 | 18,732 ± 6630 | 0.001 |
REEs | Control | Low | Middle | High | Ptrendc |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plasma (unit: ng/mL) | |||||
La | 69.8 ± 9.02 a | 70.2 ± 48.4 | 89.7 ± 90.6 | 78.9 ± 56.1 | 0.655 |
Ce | 209 ± 131 | 261 ± 265 | 669 ± 446 | 205 ± 165 | 0.497 |
Pr | 14.5 ± 9.12 | 20.8 ± 20.9 | 67.0 ± 39.2 | 26.6 ± 16.2 | 0.168 |
Nd | 82.7 ± 82.1 | 54.1 ± 64.4 | 287 ± 291 | 78.1 ± 49.3 | 0.663 |
Sm | 14.0 ± 4.60 | 12.7 ± 10.4 | 23.6 ± 19.3 | 15.6 ± 12.4 | 0.509 |
Eu | 3.29 ± 3.68 | 3.80 ± 4.28 | 10.9 ± 7.60 | 5.38 ± 4.83 | 0.414 |
Gd | 23.1 ± 18.2 | 14.1 ± 19.5 | 40.4 ± 33.8 | 13.5 ± 7.72 | 0.853 |
Tb | 26.5 ± 13.5 | 23.3 ± 19.5 | 73.9 ± 131 | 110 ± 110 | 0.128 |
Dy | 10.3 ± 4.88 | 11.0 ± 9.40 | 24.1 ± 23.5 | 16.3 ± 7.40 | 0.235 |
Ho | 6.43 ± 3.34 | 11.7 ± 3.10 | 19.4 ± 5.22 | 21.9 ± 3.48 | <0.001 |
Er | 5.03 ± 4.08 | 9.29 ± 10.8 | 19.1 ± 20.0 | 9.44 ± 7.65 | 0.473 |
Tm | 10.3 ± 10.3 | 3.60 ± 0.570 | 4.11 ± 2.01 | 1.39 ± 0.90 | 0.032 |
Yb | 4.11 ± 4.30 | 46.8 ± 57.3 | 14.1 ± 18.9 | 13.7 ± 9.97 | 0.857 |
Y | 85.1 ± 70.5 | 58.7 ± 40.3 | 82.3 ± 74.6 | 49.8 ± 28.2 | 0.420 |
ΣREEs b | 526 ± 266 | 468 ± 413 | 1167 ± 833 | 583 ± 231 | 0.394 |
Blood cell (unit: ng/g) | |||||
La | 338 ± 307 | 222 ± 129 | 314 ± 199 | 284 ± 193 | 0.655 |
Ce | 2287 ± 1659 | 963 ± 596 | 1482 ± 730 | 1268 ± 676 | 0.497 |
Pr | 116 ± 108 | 87.8 ± 53.8 | 97.0 ± 61.5 | 79.5 ± 59.9 | 0.168 |
Nd | 334 ± 334 | 334 ± 189 | 319 ± 148 | 255 ± 162 | 0.663 |
Sm | 81.8 ± 74.8 | 57.2 ± 35.3 | 66.3 ± 45.1 | 51.0 ± 34.3 | 0.352 |
Eu | 45.7 ± 35.9 | 24.6 ± 15.5 | 31.6 ± 17.8 | 17.6 ± 10.6 | 0.235 |
Gd | 176 ± 170 | 106 ± 65.2 | 215 ± 115 | 113 ± 70.7 | 0.685 |
Tb | 477 ± 224 | 296 ± 178 | 1095 ± 412 | 658 ± 500 | 0.347 |
Dy | 57.9 ± 53.4 | 44.1 ± 29.6 | 52.1 ± 27.8 | 34.1 ± 19.5 | 0.313 |
Ho | 9.17 ± 9.57 | 5.00 ± 3.17 | 5.85 ± 4.62 | 3.72 ± 1.93 | 0.179 |
Er | 30.5 ± 25.0 | 23.3 ± 13.7 | 25.9 ± 15.1 | 20.5 ± 10.6 | 0.365 |
Tm | 10.9 ± 7.48 | 6.39 ± 3.94 | 14.0 ± 9.75 | 4.94 ± 2.92 | 0.428 |
Yb | 27.3 ± 27.7 | 19.1 ± 15.2 | 29.9 ± 18.7 | 17.9 ± 6.64 | 0.650 |
Y | 306 ± 143 | 365 ± 251 | 536 ± 481 | 213 ± 91.5 | 0.420 |
ΣREEs | 4297 ± 2740 | 2129 ± 1240 | 4101 ± 1168 | 3015 ± 1501 | 0.598 |
Groups | β | p | β | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Systolic blood pressure | Diastolic blood pressure | |||
Control | 0 | 0 | ||
Low | 9.93 (−1.54–21.4) | 0.090 | 10.2 (−8.30–28.7) | 0.279 |
Middle | −9.11 (−20.6–2.36) | 0.119 | −7.41 (−25.9–11.1) | 0.433 |
High | 5.26 (−6.21–16.7) | 0.369 | 8.67 (−9.85–27.2) | 0.359 |
Heart rate | Pulse pressure | |||
Control | 0 | 0 | ||
Low | 13.6 (−25.3–52.4) | 0.494 | −0.11 (−9.24–9.02) | 0.981 |
Middle | −23.2 (−62.0–15.6) | 0.242 | −1.44 (−10.6–7.68) | 0.756 |
High | 14.8 (−24.1–53.6) | 0.456 | −3.33 (−12.5–5.80) | 0.474 |
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Pang, Y.; Jiang, J.; Li, K.; Yan, L.; Feng, Y.; Wang, J.; Cao, X.; Li, Z.; Wang, B. Effects of Rare Earth Elements on Blood Pressure and Their Exposure Biomarkers: Evidence from Animal Experiments. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9836. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189836
Pang Y, Jiang J, Li K, Yan L, Feng Y, Wang J, Cao X, Li Z, Wang B. Effects of Rare Earth Elements on Blood Pressure and Their Exposure Biomarkers: Evidence from Animal Experiments. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(18):9836. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189836
Chicago/Turabian StylePang, Yiming, Jianjun Jiang, Kexin Li, Lailai Yan, Yanqiu Feng, Junli Wang, Xiaolu Cao, Zhiwen Li, and Bin Wang. 2021. "Effects of Rare Earth Elements on Blood Pressure and Their Exposure Biomarkers: Evidence from Animal Experiments" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18: 9836. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189836