Influence of the Area per Player in Non-Professional Soccer Players: A Pilot Study Focused on Positional Roles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Physical Variables, Instruments, Softwares
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Defenders
3.2. Attackers
3.3. Midfielders
3.4. High Speed versus High Metabolic Power (MP)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Drill | Format | Duration (min) | Pitch Dimension (m) | Pitch Area (m2) | Area per Player (m2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SSG1 | 5 vs. 5 | 5 | 30 × 30 | 900 | 75 |
SSG2 | 5 vs. 5 | 5 | 35 × 45 | 1575 | 131 |
SSG3 | 7 vs. 7 | 8 | 35 × 45 | 1575 | 98 |
Variable | Acronym | Unit |
---|---|---|
Average metabolic power | AMP | W/kg |
distance covered in 1 min | DIS | m/min |
time spent at high speed (v > 16 km/h) as percentage | % hst | - |
time spent at high metabolic power (MP > 20 W/kg) as percentage | % hmpt | - |
distance covered at high positive speed (accelerations; 2 < v < 4 m/s2) as percentage | % ACC | - |
distance covered at high negative speed (decelerations; −6 < v < −2 m/s2) as percentage | % DEC | - |
number of actions per minute performed at high metabolic power | hmpa | number/min |
Variable | Position | SSG 1 | SSG 2 | SSG 3 | F-Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AMP | Attacker | 10.0 ± 0.8 b | 12.0 ± 0.9 *,b | 11.3 ± 0.9 * | F(2, 15) = 7.8 | p < 0.01 |
Midfielder | 11.9 ± 0.5 a,b | 13.7 ± 0.7 *,#,a,b | 12.5 ± 1.2 a,b | F(2, 15) = 6.1 | p < 0.05 | |
Defender | 9.1 ± 0.5 | 10.7 ± 1.3 * | 10.2 ± 0.9 | F(2, 16) = 3.9 | p < 0.05 | |
F-value | F(2, 12) = 25.1 | F(2, 17) = 15.1 | F(2, 17) = 8.6 | |||
p-value | p < 0.001 | p < 0.01 | p < 0.01 | |||
% hst | Attacker | 0.9 ± 0.8 | 5.0 ± 2.3 *,b | 2.9 ± 2.1 | F(2, 15) = 6.6 | p < 0.01 |
Midfielder | 1.7 ± 0.6 b | 5.8 ± 0.8 *,#,b | 3.5 ± 1.2 *,b | F(2, 15) = 25.0 | p < 0.001 | |
Defender | 0.7 ± 0.4 | 2.4 ± 1.6 * | 1.3 ± 0.6 | F(2, 16) = 4.0 | p < 0.05 | |
F-value | F(2, 12) = 3.9 | F(2, 17) = 7.3 | F(2, 17) = 4.6 | |||
p-value | p < 0.05 | p < 0.01 | p < 0.05 | |||
% hmpt | Attacker | 10.5 ± 1.1 | 15.7 ± 1.9 *,#,b | 13.5 ± 1.9 * | F(2, 15) = 12.7 | p < 0.001 |
Midfielder | 14.9 ± 1.8 a,b | 20.1 ± 1.9 *,#,a,b | 15.9 ± 3.5 b | F(2, 15) = 6.4 | p < 0.01 | |
Defender | 9.0 ± 1.4 | 12.7 ± 3.1 * | 10.8 ± 1.6 | F(2, 16) = 3.9 | p < 0.05 | |
F-value | F(2, 12) = 21.1 | F(2, 17) = 14.9 | F(2, 17) = 7.3 | |||
p-value | p < 0.001 | p < 0.01 | p < 0.01 | |||
hmpa | Attacker | 3.9 ± 0.7 b | 4.7 ± 0.8 | 4.2 ± 1.0 | F(2, 15) = 1.3 | p > 0.05 |
Midfielder | 5.0 ± 0.9 a,b | 5.7 ± 0.9 #,a,b | 4.5 ± 0.5 b | F(2, 15) = 3.8 | p < 0.05 | |
Defender | 2.8 ± 0.2 | 3,9 ± 0.9 * | 3.5 ± 0.8 | F(2, 16) = 3.7 | p < 0.05 | |
F-value | F(2, 12) = 12.5 | F(2, 17) = 6.9 | F(2, 17) = 3.3 | |||
p-value | p < 0.01 | p < 0,01 | p > 0.05 | |||
% ACC | Attacker | 2.7 ± 0.3 # | 2.8 ± 0.5 # | 1.4 ± 0.2 | F(2, 15) = 22.9 | p < 0.001 |
Midfielder | 2.6 ± 0.4 # | 2.9 ±0.3 # | 1.3 ± 0.2 | F(2, 15) = 48.7 | p < 0.001 | |
Defender | 2.4 ± 0.3 # | 2.7 ± 0.4 # | 1.5 ± 0.2 | F(2, 16) = 24.3 | p < 0.001 | |
F-value | F(2, 12) = 0.8 | F(2, 17) = 0.4 | F(2, 17) = 1.7 | |||
p-value | p > 0.05 | p > 0.05 | p > 0.05 | |||
% DEC | Attacker | 3.5 ± 0.4 # | 3.3 ± 0.4 # | 1.9 ± 0.2 | F(2, 15) = 37.1 | p < 0.001 |
Midfielder | 3.9 ± 0.8 # | 3.9 ± 0.5 #,a,b | 2.1 ± 0.2 | F(2, 15) = 23.8 | p < 0.001 | |
Defender | 3.2 ± 0.3 # | 3.2 ± 2.4 # | 1.9 ± 0.2 | F(2, 16) = 59.4 | p < 0.001 | |
F-value | F(2, 12) = 1.9 | F(2, 17) = 6.0 | F(2, 17) = 2.1 | |||
p-value | p > 0.05 | p < 0.01 | p > 0.05 | |||
DIS | Attacker | 100.2 ± 8.7 | 121.1 ± 7.6 *,b | 114.3 ± 9.2 * | F(2, 15) = 9.0 | p < 0.01 |
Midfielder | 117.7 ± 5.3 a,b | 137.3 ± 7.0 *,a,b | 128.1 ± 11.5 a,b | F(2, 15) = 6.8 | p < 0.01 | |
Defender | 91.8 ± 5.3 | 106.5 ± 12.1 * | 103.5 ± 8.0 * | F(2, 16) = 3.9 | p < 0.05 | |
F-value | F(2, 12) = 19.7 | F(2, 17) = 17.6 | F(2, 17) = 11.3 | |||
p-value | p < 0.01 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.01 |
Pairwise Comparison among Roles within the Same SSG | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Drill | Position | p-Value | ES | CI |
AMP | SSG1 | Midfielder vs. Attacker | <0.001 | 2.44 | 0.99/4.42 |
Midfielder vs. Defender | <0.001 | 4.87 | 2.72/8.05 | ||
Attacker vs. Defender | 0.037 | 1.24 | −0.01/2.75 | ||
SSG2 | Midfielder vs. Attacker | 0.007 | 1.99 | 0.78/3.51 | |
Midfielder vs. Defender | <0.001 | 2.69 | 1.33/4.45 | ||
Attacker vs. Defender | 0.022 | 1.14 | 0.07/2.35 | ||
SSG3 | Midfielder vs. Attacker | 0.047 | 1.05 | −0.04/2.31 | |
Midfielder vs. Defender | <0.001 | 1.98 | 0.80/3.42 | ||
Attacker vs. Defender | 0.084 | 1.06 | −0.02/2.33 | ||
% hst | SSG1 | Midfielder vs. Attacker | 0.062 | 1.02 | −0.21/2.46 |
Midfielder vs. Defender | 0.021 | 1.87 | 0.53/3.60 | ||
Attacker vs. Defender | 0.567 | 0.33 | −0.88/1.62 | ||
SSG2 | Midfielder vs. Attacker | 0.419 | 0.42 | −0.65/1.55 | |
Midfielder vs. Defender | 0.002 | 2.43 | 1.13/4.09 | ||
Attacker vs. Defender | 0.011 | 1.25 | 0.17/2.49 | ||
SSG3 | Midfielder vs. Attacker | 0.451 | 0.33 | −0.74/1.45 | |
Midfielder vs. Defender | 0.009 | 2.17 | 0.96/3.67 | ||
Attacker vs. Defender | 0.054 | 0.99 | −0.09/2.24 | ||
% hmpt | SSG1 | Midfielder vs. Attacker | <0.001 | 2.58 | 1.09/4.61 |
Midfielder vs. Defender | <0.001 | 3.24 | 1.58/5.58 | ||
Attacker vs. Defender | 0.127 | 1.10 | −0.13/2.57 | ||
SSG2 | Midfielder vs. Attacker | 0.004 | 2.11 | 0.88/3.67 | |
Midfielder vs. Defender | <0.001 | 2.57 | 1.32/4.42 | ||
Attacker vs. Defender | 0.034 | 1.07 | 0.01/2.27 | ||
SSG3 | Midfielder vs. Attacker | 0.106 | 0.77 | −0.31/1.96 | |
Midfielder vs. Defender | 0.001 | 1.77 | 0.63/3.15 | ||
Attacker vs. Defender | 0.067 | 1.42 | 0.29/2.76 | ||
hmpa | SSG1 | Midfielder vs. Attacker | 0.028 | 1.18 | −0.05/2.67 |
Midfielder vs. Defender | <0.001 | 2.96 | 1.39/5.19 | ||
Attacker vs. Defender | 0.028 | 1.85 | 0.51/3.57 | ||
SSG2 | Midfielder vs. Attacker | 0.045 | 1.16 | 0.06/2.45 | |
Midfielder vs. Defender | 0.002 | 1.81 | 0.62/3.27 | ||
Attacker vs. Defender | 0.128 | 0.82 | −0.22/1.97 | ||
SSG3 | Midfielder vs. Attacker | 0.552 | 0.31 | −0.76/1.43 | |
Midfielder vs. Defender | 0.024 | 1.46 | 0.36/2.74 | ||
Attacker vs. Defender | 0.093 | 0.82 | −0.27/2.01 | ||
% ACC | SSG1 | Midfielder vs. Attacker | 0.604 | 0.28 | −0.93/1.56 |
Midfielder vs. Defender | 0.491 | 0.39 | −0.82/1.69 | ||
Attacker vs. Defender | 0.237 | 0.79 | −0.41/2.18 | ||
SSG2 | Midfielder vs. Attacker | 0.506 | 0.38 | −0.71/1.48 | |
Midfielder vs. Defender | 0.371 | 0,53 | −0.54/1.68 | ||
Attacker vs. Defender | 0.806 | 3.19 | 1.69/4.90 | ||
SSG3 | Midfielder vs. Attacker | 0.347 | 0.46 | −0.61/1.59 | |
Midfielder vs. Defender | 0.081 | 1.01 | −0.02/2.22 | ||
Attacker vs. Defender | 0.424 | 0.39 | −0.65/1.56 | ||
% DEC | SSG1 | Midfielder vs. Attacker | 0.231 | 0.62 | −0.59/1.96 |
Midfielder vs. Defender | 0.075 | 0.99 | −0.23/2.43 | ||
Attacker vs. Defender | 0.504 | 0.62 | −0.58/1.97 | ||
SSG2 | Midfielder vs. Attacker | 0.014 | 1.23 | 0.12/2.53 | |
Midfielder vs. Defender | 0.004 | 1.70 | 0.54/3.14 | ||
Attacker vs. Defender | 0.588 | 5.54 | 3.36/8.09 | ||
SSG3 | Midfielder vs. Attacker | 0.153 | 0.80 | −0.28/2.00 | |
Midfielder vs. Defender | 0.067 | 0.90 | −0.14/2.07 | ||
Attacker vs. Defender | 0.705 | 0.22 | −0.86/1.32 | ||
DIS | SSG1 | Midfielder vs. Attacker | 0.001 | 2.18 | 0.79/4.05 |
Midfielder vs. Defender | <0.001 | 4.41 | 2.41/7.36 | ||
Attacker vs. Defender | 0.069 | 1.05 | −0.18/2.50 | ||
SSG2 | Midfielder vs. Attacker | 0.006 | 2.05 | 0.82/3.59 | |
Midfielder vs. Defender | <0.001 | 2.82 | 1.43/4.62 | ||
Attacker vs. Defender | 0.009 | 0.66 | −0.39/1.76 | ||
SSG3 | Midfielder vs. Attacker | 0.020 | 1.22 | 0.11/2.52 | |
Midfielder vs. Defender | <0.001 | 2.32 | 1.08/3.87 | ||
Attacker vs. Defender | 0.062 | 1.17 | 0.06/2.45 | ||
Pairwise Comparison among SSGs within the Same Positional Role | |||||
Variable | Position | Drills | p-Value | ES | CI |
AMP | Attacker | SSG1 vs. SSG2 | 0.001 | 2.16 | 0.85/3.8 |
SSG1 vs. SSG3 | 0.031 | 1.33 | 0.12/2.79 | ||
SSG3 vs. SSG2 | 0.141 | 0.79 | −0.29/1.99 | ||
Midfielder | SSG1 vs. SSG2 | 0.004 | 2.74 | 1.26/4.71 | |
SSG1 vs. SSG3 | 0.277 | 0.55 | −0.58/1.77 | ||
SSG3 vs. SSG2 | 0.025 | 1.16 | 0.06/2.44 | ||
Defender | SSG1 vs. SSG2 | 0.014 | 1.42 | 0.23/2.84 | |
SSG1 vs. SSG3 | 0.063 | 1.39 | 0.21/2.80 | ||
SSG3 vs. SSG2 | 0.415 | 0.38 | −0.66/1.46 | ||
% hst | Attacker | SSG1 vs. SSG2 | 0.003 | 2.06 | 0.78/3.69 |
SSG1 vs. SSG3 | 0.108 | 1.08 | −0.09/2.47 | ||
SSG3 vs. SSG2 | 0.072 | 0.88 | −0.20/2.09 | ||
Midfielder | SSG1 vs. SSG2 | <0.001 | 5.15 | 2.98/8.24 | |
SSG1 vs. SSG3 | 0.006 | 1.59 | 0.39/3.07 | ||
SSG3 vs. SSG2 | <0.001 | 2.03 | 0.80/3.55 | ||
Defender | SSG1 vs. SSG2 | 0.015 | 1.24 | 0.08/2.61 | |
SSG1 vs. SSG3 | 0.341 | 1.08 | −0.07/2.40 | ||
SSG3 vs. SSG2 | 0.075 | 0.84 | −0.20/1.99 | ||
% hmpt | Attacker | SSG1 vs. SSG2 | <0.001 | 2.90 | 1.44/4.85 |
SSG1 vs. SSG3 | 0.014 | 1.67 | 0.41/3.23 | ||
SSG3 vs. SSG2 | 0.039 | 1.06 | −0.04/2.31 | ||
Midfielder | SSG1 vs. SSG2 | 0.005 | 2.52 | 1.10/4.41 | |
SSG1 vs. SSG3 | 0.517 | 0.32 | −0.80/1.51 | ||
SSG3 vs. SSG2 | 0.012 | 1.37 | 0.24/2.69 | ||
Defender | SSG1 vs. SSG2 | 0.014 | 1.31 | 0.14/2.71 | |
SSG1 vs. SSG3 | 0.205 | 1.06 | −0.09/2.38 | ||
SSG3 vs. SSG2 | 0.133 | 0.72 | −0.32/1.85 | ||
hmpa | Attacker | SSG1 vs. SSG2 | 0.126 | 0.98 | −0.16/2.28 |
SSG1 vs. SSG3 | 0.475 | 0.38 | −0.78/1.62 | ||
SSG3 vs. SSG2 | 0.378 | 0.45 | −0.62/1.59 | ||
Midfielder | SSG1 vs. SSG2 | 0.148 | 0.72 | −0.44/2.02 | |
SSG1 vs. SSG3 | 0.318 | 0.61 | −0.52/1.83 | ||
SSG3 vs. SSG2 | 0.015 | 1.54 | 0.40/2.92 | ||
Defender | SSG1 vs. SSG2 | 0.015 | 1.50 | 0.31/2.95 | |
SSG1 vs. SSG3 | 0.117 | 1.08 | −0.06/2.43 | ||
SSG3 vs. SSG2 | 0.267 | 0.50 | −0.53/1.60 | ||
% ACC | Attacker | SSG1 vs. SSG2 | 0.824 | 0.11 | −1.03/1.26 |
SSG1 vs. SSG3 | <0.001 | 3.99 | 2.18/6.51 | ||
SSG3 vs. SSG2 | <0.001 | 3.05 | 1.62/4.95 | ||
Midfielder | SSG1 vs. SSG2 | 0.097 | 0.84 | −0.32/2.17 | |
SSG1 vs. SSG3 | <0.001 | 3.79 | 2.06/6.03 | ||
SSG3 vs. SSG2 | <0.001 | 5.82 | 3.62/8.90 | ||
Defender | SSG1 vs. SSG2 | 0.172 | 0.64 | −0.48/1.88 | |
SSG1 vs. SSG3 | <0.001 | 3.52 | 1.83/5.81 | ||
SSG3 vs. SSG2 | <0.001 | 3.15 | 1.69/5.09 | ||
% DEC | Attacker | SSG1 vs. SSG2 | 0.496 | 0.33 | −0.81/1.50 |
SSG1 vs. SSG3 | <0.001 | 4.80 | 2.81/7.75 | ||
SSG3 vs. SSG2 | <0.001 | 4.11 | 2.40/6.43 | ||
Midfielder | SSG1 vs. SSG2 | 0.097 | 0.01 | −1.17/1.21 | |
SSG1 vs. SSG3 | <0.001 | 2.98 | 1.49/4.94 | ||
SSG3 vs. SSG2 | <0.001 | 4.36 | 2.77/7.17 | ||
Defender | SSG1 vs. SSG2 | 0.940 | 0.04 | −1.11/1.19 | |
SSG1 vs. SSG3 | <0.001 | 4.55 | 2.60/7.40 | ||
SSG3 vs. SSG2 | <0.001 | 5.07 | 3.10/7.83 | ||
DIS | Attacker | SSG1 vs. SSG2 | <0.001 | 2.39 | 1.05/4.15 |
SSG1 vs. SSG3 | 0.014 | 1.44 | 0.21/0.92 | ||
SSG3 vs. SSG2 | 0.167 | 0.76 | −0.32/1.95 | ||
Midfielder | SSG1 vs. SSG2 | 0.002 | 2.83 | 1.34/4.85 | |
SSG1 vs. SSG3 | 0.060 | 1.02 | −0.13/2.32 | ||
SSG3 vs. SSG2 | 0.081 | 0.87 | −0.21/2.09 | ||
Defender | SSG1 vs. SSG2 | 0.015 | 1.37 | 0.19/2.77 | |
SSG1 vs. SSG3 | 0.047 | 1.52 | 0.28/3.03 | ||
SSG3 vs. SSG2 | 0.547 | 0.22 | −0.86/1.33 |
Attackers | Midfielders | Defenders | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
AMP | r | 0.691 | 0.668 | 0.533 |
p | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.018 | |
% hst | r | 0.681 | 0.877 | 0.575 |
p | 0.002 | <0.001 | 0.010 | |
% hmpt | r | 0.779 | 0.659 | 0.570 |
p | <0.001 | 0.003 | 0.011 | |
hmpa | r | 0.388 | 0.397 | 0.544 |
p | 0.111 | 0.103 | 0.016 | |
% ACC | r | 0.200 | 0.317 | 0.350 |
p | 0.425 | 0.200 | 0.141 | |
% DEC | r | 0.108 | 0.150 | 0.189 |
p | 0.670 | 0.552 | 0.439 | |
DIS | r | 0.706 | 0.682 | 0.513 |
p | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.025 |
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Mancini, A.; Vitucci, D.; Meo, P.; Capobianco, A.; Martone, D.; Cozzolino, F.; Buono, P.; Imperlini, E.; Orrù, S. Influence of the Area per Player in Non-Professional Soccer Players: A Pilot Study Focused on Positional Roles. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9833. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189833
Mancini A, Vitucci D, Meo P, Capobianco A, Martone D, Cozzolino F, Buono P, Imperlini E, Orrù S. Influence of the Area per Player in Non-Professional Soccer Players: A Pilot Study Focused on Positional Roles. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(18):9833. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189833
Chicago/Turabian StyleMancini, Annamaria, Daniela Vitucci, Pasquale Meo, Adriano Capobianco, Domenico Martone, Francesca Cozzolino, Pasqualina Buono, Esther Imperlini, and Stefania Orrù. 2021. "Influence of the Area per Player in Non-Professional Soccer Players: A Pilot Study Focused on Positional Roles" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18: 9833. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189833