Estimated Direct Medical Cost of Osteoporosis in Saudi Arabia: A Single-Center Retrospective Cost Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Design
2.2. Data Sources
2.3. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
2.3.1. Inclusion
2.3.2. Exclusion
2.4. Cost Analysis
2.5. Data Analysis Plan
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | N (%) |
---|---|
Age in years, mean (SD) | 69 (10.26) |
Age group in years, n (%) | |
<65 | 190 (37) |
>65 | 321 (63) |
Gender, n (%) | |
Female | 476 (93) |
Male | 35 (7) |
Fracture type, n (%) | |
Spine | 23 (40) |
Femur | 11 (19) |
Hip | 6 (11) |
Metatarsal fractures | 5 (9) |
Wrist | 4 (7) |
Humerus | 3 (5) |
Ankle | 2 (4) |
Rib | 2 (4) |
Pelvis | 1 (2) |
No. of fractures, n (%) | |
1 | 48 (84) |
2 | 7 (12) |
3 | 1 (2) |
4 | 1 (2) |
Variables | Total Cost | Cost Per Patient | % of Total Cost |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | |||
Male | USD 68,668.44 | USD 1961.95 | 7% |
Female | USD 928,155.85 | USD 1949.91 | 93% |
Age | |||
<65 | USD 279,315.91 | USD 1470.08 | 28% |
>65 | USD 717,508.37 | USD 2235.23 | 72% |
Fractures | |||
Yes | USD 553,826.94 | USD 9716.26 | 56% |
No | USD 442,997.34 | USD 975.77 | 44% |
Annual Cost Per Patient (USD ) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cost Items | Total Cost (USD ) | Non Fracture | % | Fracture | % |
Lab test | USD 33,952.00 | USD 61.60 | 6% | USD 94.13 | 1% |
Diagnostic test | USD 75,203.73 | USD 141.33 | 14% | USD 173.33 | 2% |
Hospitalization | USD 80,000.00 | - | 0% | USD 1356.00 | 14% |
Visit | USD 90,880.00 | USD 177.07 | 18% | USD 160.00 | 2% |
Physiotherapy | USD 106,400.00 | - | 0% | USD 1952.29 | 20% |
Surgery | USD 305,866.67 | - | 0% | USD 5461.90 | 56% |
Medication | USD 304,521.89 | USD 595.77 | 61% | USD 518.66 | 5% |
Total | USD 996,824.29 | USD 975.77 | USD 9716.26 |
Drug | Annual Treatment Cost | % of Total Cost |
---|---|---|
Alendronate | USD 27,138.37 | 8.9% |
Zoledronic acid | USD 6980.13 | 2.3% |
Denosumab | USD 37,653.71 | 12.4% |
Teriparatide | USD 177,029.12 | 58.1% |
Paracetamol | USD 12,806.40 | 4.2% |
Cholecalciferol | USD 17,410.99 | 5.7% |
Calcium carbonate | USD 2433.33 | 0.8% |
Diclofenac | USD 16,404.48 | 5.4% |
Alfacalcidol | USD 1382.13 | 0.5% |
Calcium–Vitamin D | USD 4438.40 | 1.5% |
Ibuprofen | USD 844.80 | 0.3% |
Total cost | USD 304,521.87 | 100.0% |
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Balkhi, B.; Alghamdi, A.; Alqusair, S.; Alotaibi, B.; AlRuthia, Y.; Alsanawi, H.; Nasser, A.B.; Fouda, M.A. Estimated Direct Medical Cost of Osteoporosis in Saudi Arabia: A Single-Center Retrospective Cost Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9831. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189831
Balkhi B, Alghamdi A, Alqusair S, Alotaibi B, AlRuthia Y, Alsanawi H, Nasser AB, Fouda MA. Estimated Direct Medical Cost of Osteoporosis in Saudi Arabia: A Single-Center Retrospective Cost Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(18):9831. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189831
Chicago/Turabian StyleBalkhi, Bander, Ahmed Alghamdi, Sulaiman Alqusair, Bader Alotaibi, Yazed AlRuthia, Hisham Alsanawi, Ahmad Bin Nasser, and Mona A. Fouda. 2021. "Estimated Direct Medical Cost of Osteoporosis in Saudi Arabia: A Single-Center Retrospective Cost Analysis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18: 9831. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189831