Lifestyle Habits and Exposure to BPA and Phthalates in Women of Childbearing Age from Northern Italy: A Pilot Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Evaluation of Determinants of Daily Exposure to Phthalates and BPA
2.2. Lifestyle Habits and Anthropometric Parameters’ Evaluation
2.3. Phthalate, BPA and Creatinine Level Determination
2.3.1. Sample Collection and Analysis
2.3.2. BPA and Phthalate Metabolite Extraction
2.3.3. UHPLC-MS/MS Conditions
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Population
3.2. Determinants of Daily Exposure to Phthalates and BPA and Lifestyle Habits
3.3. Phthalate and BPA Levels
3.4. Principal Component Analysis
3.5. Univariable Models
3.6. Multivariable Regression Models
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Determinants of Exposure | Percentage |
---|---|
Use of plastic products for daily personal care (lotions, make-up, dental care, glasses, gloves) | 63.4% |
Presence of PVC in home, working and recreational environments | 53.7% |
Presence of synthetic material at the gym or during recreational activities of free time | 17.8% |
Consumption of packaged food in plastic containers or film-wrapped food, canned (or tetra packed) food | 100% |
Consumption of packaged food or pre-cooked food to heat | 41.9% |
Cooked takeaway food consumption | 80.6% |
Disposable plastic use | 22.6% |
Frequent use of plastic containers for storage of cooked or raw food | 90.3% |
Use of dishwasher to clean plastic containers | 71.4% |
Use of film-wrap to package and store food for consumption | 89.3% |
Use of plastic containers in the microwave to cook or defrost food | 77.4% |
Transfer of food from a plastic container to glass or ceramic dish to cook or defrost by microwave | 58.3% |
Regular use of plastic utensils for cooking | 48.4% |
Consumption of water from plastic bottles | 64.5% |
Consumption of sauces or dressings in plastic containers | 67.7% |
Packaged dressings or condiments from the original packaging | 90.3% |
Variables (Cutoff Value or Reference Interval) | Mean ± SD; Median [Q1–Q3]; % |
---|---|
Age (years) | 36 [30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38] |
BMI (kg/m2) Normal weight (18.5 ≤ BMI < 25) [40] Overweight (25 ≤ BMI < 30) [40] Obesity (BMI ≥ 30) [40] | 22.4 ± 4.2 |
WC (<88 cm) | 77.9 ± 9.5 |
WHR (<0.85) | 0.49 ± 0.08 |
WHtR (<0.5) | 0.48 ± 0.07 |
Subjects with chronic morbidities | 12.9% |
Time spent at the workplace | |
≤8 h/day | 73.9% |
>8 h/day | 26.1% |
Job type | |
Housewife | 12.9% |
Other | 87.1% |
Level of education | |
<University | 41.9% |
≥University | 58.1% |
Lifestyle Variables | Mean ± SD; Median [Q1–Q3]; % |
---|---|
FF section—food frequency (score) | 33.2 ± 5.3 |
Less healthy, n (%) | 15 (34.1) |
Moderately healthy, n (%) | 14 (31.8) |
Healthiest, n (%) | 15 (34.1) |
FH section—food habits (score) | 37.6 ± 4.2 |
Inadequate eating habits, n (%) | 16 (36.4) |
Partially satisfactory eating habits, n (%) | 14 (31.8) |
Satisfactory eating habits, n (%) | 14 (31.8) |
Physical activity level—IPAQ (METs) | 1386 [693–2772] |
Sedentary (total METs <699, MET-min), n (%) | 13 (29.5) |
Moderate (total METs: 700–2519, MET-min), n (%) | 15 (34.1) |
High (total METs >2520, MET-min), n (%) | 16 (36.4) |
Smoking habit | |
Smokers | 16.1% |
Non-smokers | 83.9% |
EDCs | Unadjusted (µg/L) | Creatinine-Adjusted (µg/g Creatinine) |
---|---|---|
GM [GSD] | ||
BPA | 3.34 [1.69] | 4.18 [1.84] |
MEP | 22.52 [3.30] | 28.68 [3.10] |
MIbP | 2.70 [5.00] | 3.44 [4.55] |
MEHHP | 4.17 [2.49] | 5.26 [1.87] |
MBzP | 2.05 [2.59] | 2.56 [2.12] |
MEHP | 0.73 [5.73] | 0.93 [4.13] |
BPA (µg/L) | MEP (µg/L) | MIbP (µg/L) | MEHHP (µg/L) | MBzP (µg/L) | MEHP (µg/L) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BPA (µg/L) | r = 1 | r = 0.14 | r = 0.26 | r = 0.37 | r = 0.36 | r = 0.37 |
MEP (µg/L) | r = 0.14 | r = 1 | r = 0.12 | r = 0.45 | r = 0.39 | r = 0.45 |
MIbP (µg/L) | r = 0.26 | r = 0.12 | r = 1 | r = 0.29 | r = 0.36 | r = 0.29 |
MEHHP (µg/L) | r = 0.37 | r =0.45 | r = 0.29 | r = 1 | r = 0.63 | r = 1 |
MBzP (µg/L) | r = 0.36 | r = 0.34 | r = 0.36 | r = 0.63 | r = 1 | r = 0.63 |
MEHP (µg/L) | r = 0.37 | r = 0.45 | r = 0.29 | r = 1 | r = 0.63 | r = 1 |
Model | Variable | r | p |
---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Creatinine | 0.61 | <0.001 |
Takeaway food consumption | 0.38 | 0.04 | |
FF section—food frequency (score) [38] | −0.37 | 0.01 | |
Model 2 | Creatinine | 0.4 | 0.009 |
Consumption of sauces or dressings in plastic containers | 0.43 | 0.016 | |
Model 3 | Creatinine | 0.36 | 0.014 |
Model 4 | Creatinine | 0.75 | <0.001 |
High-frequency use of canned (or tetra packed) food | −0.36 | 0.04 |
Dependent Variable | Predictor Factor | Standardized Coefficients | Not Standardized Coefficients | 95% CI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | p | B | SE | |||
BPA | Creatinine | 0.63 | <0.001 | 0.36 | 0.09 | 0.18–0.548 |
Takeaway cooked food consumption | 0.27 | 0.06 | 0.14 | 0.07 | −0.01–0.28 | |
MEP | Creatinine | 0.35 | 0.06 | 0.50 | 0.25 | −0.013–1.00 |
Consumption of sauces or dressings in plastic containers | 0.37 | 0.037 | 0.39 | 0.18 | 0.03–0.74 | |
Factor 1 | Creatinine | 0.71 | <0.001 | 2.07 | 0.41 | 1.23–2.90 |
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Di Napoli, I.; Tagliaferri, S.; Sommella, E.; Salviati, E.; Porri, D.; Raspini, B.; Cena, H.; Campiglia, P.; La Rocca, C.; Cerbo, R.M.; et al. Lifestyle Habits and Exposure to BPA and Phthalates in Women of Childbearing Age from Northern Italy: A Pilot Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9710. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189710
Di Napoli I, Tagliaferri S, Sommella E, Salviati E, Porri D, Raspini B, Cena H, Campiglia P, La Rocca C, Cerbo RM, et al. Lifestyle Habits and Exposure to BPA and Phthalates in Women of Childbearing Age from Northern Italy: A Pilot Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(18):9710. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189710
Chicago/Turabian StyleDi Napoli, Ilaria, Sara Tagliaferri, Eduardo Sommella, Emanuela Salviati, Debora Porri, Benedetta Raspini, Hellas Cena, Pietro Campiglia, Cinzia La Rocca, Rosa Maria Cerbo, and et al. 2021. "Lifestyle Habits and Exposure to BPA and Phthalates in Women of Childbearing Age from Northern Italy: A Pilot Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18: 9710. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189710