Urban Nature and Public Health: How Nature Exposure and Sociocultural Background Relate to Depression Risk
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Field Survey
2.2. Questionaire
2.3. Data Preparation
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Sample Description
3.2. Urban Nature Exposure and Depression Risk
3.3. Neighborhood Social Interaction and Depression Risk
3.4. Migration History
3.4.1. Depression Risk
3.4.2. Urban Nature Exposure and Neighborhood Social Interaction
4. Discussion
4.1. Urban Nature Exposure and Depression Risk
4.2. Neighborhood Social Interaction and Depression Risk
4.3. Depression Risk, Urban Nature Exposure and Neighborhood Social Interaction according to Migration History
4.4. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Variable | Original Survey Question | Original Survey Responses | Level Name for Analyses | N for Original Levels | Merged Levels for Analyses | New Level Name of Merged Categories for Analyses | N for Each New Level |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Depression risk | WHO-5: Over the last two weeks: 1. I have felt cheerful and in good spirits 2. I have felt calm and relaxed 3. I have felt active and vigorous 4. I woke up feeling fresh and rested 5. My daily life has been filled with things that interest me | Responses per WHO-5 question: All the time (5) Most of the time (4) More than half of the time (3) Less than half of the time (2) Some of the time (1) At no time (0) | Originally continuous so no level name (raw score out of 25, multiplied by 4 to yield score out of 100.) | 282 | Cut-off score of WHO-5 ≤ 50 considered ‘At risk of depression.’ | At risk of depression Not at risk of depression | 55 227 |
Gardening behavior | Do you garden (on balcony, windowsill, etc.)? | Yes No | Yes No | 192 90 | Yes No | Gardener Non-gardener | 192 90 |
Greenspace visit frequency | In the last two weeks, how often did you visit green spaces in your city? | Several times a week Once a week Less than once a week Never I do not know | Several Once Less Never DK | 169 85 19 9 NA | Several Once + Less + Never | Visits greenspace several times per week Visits greenspace once per week or less | 169 113 |
Neighborhood socialization frequency | In the last two weeks, how often did you socialize with your neighbors? | Several times a week Once a week Less than once a week Never I do not know | Several Once Less Never DK | 99 86 59 38 NA | Several + Once Less + Never | Socializes with neighbors at least once per week Socializes with neighbors less than once per week | 185 97 |
Migration history | Were you, your parents or your grandparents born in a country other than Germany? | No, we were all born in Germany. Yes, I was born in another country, specifically in: Yes, at least one of my parents was born in another country, specifically in: Yes, at least one of my grandparents was born in another country, specifically in: I do not know. | German Self Parent_foreign Grandparent_foreign DK | 177 45 43 17 NA | German Self Parent_foreign + Grandparent_foreign | German Self-migration history Family migration history | 177 45 60 |
Gender | Gender: | Male Female Other | Male Female Other | 125 157 0 | Male Female | Male Female | 125 157 |
Age | Age: | Write-in | Continuous; no levels | 282 | Age | Age | 282 |
Educational background | What is the highest level of schooling you have completed? | No formal schooling Primary school completed Secondary school completed Vocational education completed University education completed Other, specifically: | None Primary Secondary Vocational University Other | 1 2 54 52 176 4 | None + Primary + other Secondary Vocational University | Dropped Secondary Vocational University | Dropped 54 52 176 |
Migration History Subset | Fisher’s Exact p-value |
---|---|
No migration history (n = 117) | 0.07 |
Self-migration history (n = 45) | 0.46 |
Family migration history (n = 60) | 0.56 |
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Variable | Level | Percent Sample Population | |
---|---|---|---|
1. Depression risk | At risk of depression (WHO-5 ≤ 50) | 19.5 (n = 55) | |
Not at risk of depression (WHO-5 > 50) | 80.5 (n = 227) | ||
2. Gardening behavior | Gardener | 68.1(n = 192) | |
Non-gardener | 31.9 (n = 90) | ||
3. Greenspace visit frequency | Visits greenspace several times a week | 59.9 (n = 169) | |
Visits greenspace once a week or less | 40.1(n = 113) | ||
4. Neighborhood socialization frequency | Socializes with neighbors at least once a week | 65.6 (n = 185) | |
Socializes with neighbors less than once a week | 34.4 (n = 97) | ||
5. Migration history | No migration history (German) | 62.8 (n = 177) | |
Self-migration history | 16.0 (n = 45) | ||
Family migration history | 21.3 (n = 60) | ||
6. Educational background | Secondary school completed | 19.1 (n = 54) | |
Vocational education completed | 18.4 (n = 52) | ||
University education completed | 62.4 (n = 176) | ||
7. Gender | Female | 55.4 (n = 157) | |
Male | 44.3 (n = 125) | ||
8. Age | Age (years) | Range: 18–93 Mean: 36.2 (SD: 13.4) |
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Jakstis, K.; Fischer, L.K. Urban Nature and Public Health: How Nature Exposure and Sociocultural Background Relate to Depression Risk. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9689. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189689
Jakstis K, Fischer LK. Urban Nature and Public Health: How Nature Exposure and Sociocultural Background Relate to Depression Risk. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(18):9689. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189689
Chicago/Turabian StyleJakstis, Kristen, and Leonie K. Fischer. 2021. "Urban Nature and Public Health: How Nature Exposure and Sociocultural Background Relate to Depression Risk" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18: 9689. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189689