Spatiotemporal Trends, Sources and Ecological Risks of Heavy Metals in the Surface Sediments of Weitou Bay, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling and Analyses
2.3. Potential Ecological Risk Assessment of Sediment
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Spatiotemporal Distributions of Heavy Metals
3.1.1. Temporal Variations and Trends
3.1.2. Spatial Distributions of Heavy Metals
3.2. Heavy Metal Sources
3.3. Potential Ecological Risks of Heavy Metals
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | Value | TOC (%) | Sulfide | Cu | Pb | Zn | Cd | Cr | Hg | As |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(mg·kg−1) | ||||||||||
2008 | Min | 0.35 | 12.4 | 3.5 | 1.8 | 23.4 | 0.016 | 2.61 | 0.017 | 1.30 |
Max | 1.84 | 841.0 | 155.0 | 11.9 | 213.0 | 0.384 | 78.40 | 0.060 | 8.50 | |
Mean−whole | 0.94 | 179.6 | 38.7 | 6.6 | 118.6 | 0.113 | 20.87 | 0.034 | 4.10 | |
Mean−inner | 1.33 | 361.3 | 73.7 | 9.6 | 149.0 | 0.198 | 38.22 | 0.048 | 5.54 | |
Mean−outer | 0.62 | 28.2 | 9.5 | 4.2 | 93.3 | 0.043 | 6.41 | 0.022 | 2.93 | |
SD | 0.46 | 289.0 | 44.9 | 3.8 | 45.2 | 0.113 | 23.08 | 0.015 | 1.90 | |
RSD | 0.5 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 0.5 | |
2017 | Min | 0.29 | 23.5 | 3.1 | 0.1 | 20.8 | 0.123 | 5.20 | 0.012 | 2.10 |
Max | 1.24 | 130.5 | 62.8 | 26.3 | 161.0 | 1.180 | 56.30 | 0.054 | 10.00 | |
Mean−whole | 0.60 | 207.6 | 15.2 | 10.2 | 62.9 | 0.265 | 21.77 | 0.030 | 5.60 | |
Mean−inner | 0.86 | 171.6 | 25.8 | 7.5 | 85.2 | 0.467 | 15.78 | 0.034 | 6.23 | |
Mean−outer | 0.46 | 60.4 | 9.13 | 11.8 | 50.1 | 0.150 | 25.19 | 0.029 | 5.27 | |
SD | 0.31 | 377.4 | 16.3 | 9.3 | 36.9 | 0.306 | 17.23 | 0.015 | 2.70 | |
RSD | 0.5 | 1.8 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.5 | |
Background | / | / | 22.4 | 39 | 83.6 | 0.06 | 40.70 | 0.063 | 6.38 |
TOC | Sulfide | Cu | Pb | Zn | Cd | Cr | Hg | As | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TOC | 1 | ||||||||
Sulfide | 0.671 ** | 1 | |||||||
Cu | 0.690 ** | 0.562 ** | 1 | ||||||
Pb | −0.053 | 0.293 | 0.013 | 1 | |||||
Zn | 0.866 ** | 0.407 | 0.645 ** | −0.139 | 1 | ||||
Cd | 0.465 * | 0.773 ** | 0.583 ** | 0.088 | 0.235 | 1 | |||
Cr | 0.459 * | 0.556 ** | 0.449 * | 0.668 ** | 0.407 | 0.502 * | 1 | ||
Hg | 0.530 * | 0.497 * | 0.656 ** | 0.070 | 0.481 * | 0.487 * | 0.399 | 1 | |
As | 0.160 | 0.286 | 0.305 | −0.117 | 0.099 | 0.554 ** | 0.250 | 0.615 ** | 1 |
PC1 | PC2 | PC3 | |
---|---|---|---|
TOC | 0.826 | −0.277 | −0.396 |
Sulfide | 0.821 | 0.214 | 0.000 |
Cu | 0.832 | −0.199 | −0.095 |
Pb | 0.183 | 0.931 | −0.164 |
Zn | 0.700 | −0.395 | −0.503 |
Cd | 0.769 | 0.116 | 0.389 |
Cr | 0.697 | 0.583 | −0.150 |
Hg | 0.773 | −0.142 | 0.271 |
As | 0.499 | −0.120 | 0.771 |
Eigenvalue | 4.494 | 1.573 | 1.288 |
% of variance | 49.936 | 17.483 | 14.308 |
Cumulative % | 49.936 | 67.419 | 81.727 |
Year | Station | RI | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cu | Pb | Zn | Cd | Cr | Hg | As | |||
2008 | Min | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 7.8 | 0.1 | 10.8 | 2.0 | 27.0 |
Max | 34.6 | 1.5 | 2.5 | 182.9 | 3.9 | 38.1 | 13.3 | 276.0 | |
Mean | 8.6 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 54.0 | 1.0 | 21.4 | 6.5 | 93.8 | |
Low risk (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 55 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 82 | |
Moderate risk (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18 | |
Considerable risk (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Very high risk (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Disastrous risk (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | / | |
2017 | Min | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 58.6 | 0.3 | 7.6 | 3.3 | 78.8 |
Max | 14.0 | 3.4 | 1.9 | 561.9 | 2.8 | 34.3 | 15.7 | 612.2 | |
Mean | 3.4 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 126.4 | 1.1 | 19.3 | 8.8 | 161.0 | |
Low risk (%) | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 73 | |
Moderate risk (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 55 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18 | |
Considerable risk (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Very high risk (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | |
Disastrous risk (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | / |
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Chen, Q.; Huang, F.; Cai, A. Spatiotemporal Trends, Sources and Ecological Risks of Heavy Metals in the Surface Sediments of Weitou Bay, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9562. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189562
Chen Q, Huang F, Cai A. Spatiotemporal Trends, Sources and Ecological Risks of Heavy Metals in the Surface Sediments of Weitou Bay, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(18):9562. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189562
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Qiuming, Faming Huang, and Anran Cai. 2021. "Spatiotemporal Trends, Sources and Ecological Risks of Heavy Metals in the Surface Sediments of Weitou Bay, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18: 9562. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189562