Knowledge of and Intention to Participate in Physical Activity Programs and Their Associated Sociodemographic Factors in People with High Blood Pressure in a Rural Area of Bangladesh: Initial Investigation from a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Location
2.2. Statistical Power
2.3. Recruitment
2.4. Participants Benefits
2.5. Outcome Measures: Awareness of Health Benefits of and Attitudes towards Taking Part in Physical Activity
- (i)
- Is physical activity good for health with possible answers “not at all”, “a little”, “a lot”, and “enormous”.
- (ii)
- Are you interested in taking part in any regular physical activity programs, with possible answers “yes” or “no”;
- (iii)
- At the moment, are you considering organizing a regular exercise program with your peers, with possible answers “yes” or “no”;
- (iv)
- At the moment are you considering participating in a regular exercise program if it is organized, with possible answers “yes” or “no”;
- (v)
- Do you feel unhappy if you do not do exercise, with possible answers “never”, “sometimes”, or “often”.
2.6. Sociodemographic Factors
2.7. Questionnaire Rigour and Preparation
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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≥2.5 or <2.5 h Activities per Week | Total Activity, Metabolic Equivalent Task (MET)-Min per Day | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | ≥2.5 h | <2.5 h | p | ≥3000 MET-Min | 600–2999 MET-Min | <600 MET-Min | p | |
Factors | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||
Total | 307 | 172 (56.0) | 135 (44) | 199 (64.8) | 58 (18.9) | 50 (16.3) | ||
Blood pressure levels | ||||||||
Systolic BP, mean (SD) | 146 (16.5) | 152 (20.5) | 0.008 | 147 (17.2) | 149 (16.7) | 157 (23.4) | 0.003 | |
Diastolic BP, mean (SD) | 89 (8.6) | 91 (10.8) | 0.05 | 89.0 (8.9) | 90.4 (10) | 92.5 (12) | 0.07 | |
Gender | 0.19 | |||||||
Female | 154 | 84 (54.5) | 70 (45.5) | 0.60 | 95(61.7) | 28(18.2) | 31(20.1) | |
Male | 153 | 88 (57.5) | 65 (42.5) | 104(68) | 30(19.6) | 19(12.4) | ||
Age, years | <0.001 | |||||||
Less than 40 | 46 | 35 (76.1) | 11 (23.9) | <0.001 | 36 (78.3) | 10 (21.7) | 0 (0) | |
40–49 | 65 | 45 (69.2) | 20 (30.8) | 45 (69.2) | 14 (21.5) | 6 (9.2) | ||
50–59 | 95 | 57 (60.0) | 38 (40.0) | 72 (75.8) | 9 (9.5) | 14 (14.7) | ||
60–69 | 79 | 30 (38.0) | 49 (62.0) | 37 (46.8) | 20 (25.3) | 22 (27.8) | ||
70–75 | 22 | 5 (22.7) | 17 (77.3) | 9 (40.9) | 5 (22.7) | 8 (36.4) | ||
Education levels | <0.001 | |||||||
No education | 99 | 48 (48.5) | 51 (51.5) | 0.17 | 53 (53.5) | 17 (17.2) | 29 (29.3) | |
Primary to high school | 148 | 88 (59.5) | 60 (40.5) | 105 (70.9) | 28 (18.9) | 15 (10.1) | ||
SSC or above | 59 | 36 (61.0) | 23 (39) | 41 (69.5) | 13 (22) | 5 (8.5) | ||
SES | 0.81 | |||||||
Poor | 92 | 56 (60.9) | 36 (39.1) | 0.25 | 62 (67.4) | 16 (17.4) | 14 (15.2) | |
Middle class or rich | 214 | 115 (53.7) | 99 (46.3) | 136 (63.6) | 42 (19.6) | 36 (16.8) | ||
Occupation | 0.001 | |||||||
Farmer | 66 | 49 (74.2) | 17 (25.8) | <0.001 | 57 (79.2) | 8 (11.1) | 7 (9.7) | |
Homemakers | 146 | 84 (57.5) | 62 (42.5) | 93 (63.7) | 27 (18.5) | 26 (17.8) | ||
Employees | 53 | 15 (28.3) | 38 (71.7) | 26 (49.1) | 12 (22.6) | 15 (28.3) | ||
Businesspersons | 24 | 13 (54.2) | 11 (45.8) | 15 (62.5) | 9 (37.5) | 0 (0) | ||
Diabetes status | 0.002 | |||||||
No diabetes | 217 | 118 (54.4) | 99 (45.6) | 0.10 | 137 (63.1) | 36 (16.6) | 44 (20.3) | |
Diabetes | 41 | 20 (48.8) | 21 (51.2) | 22 (53.7) | 14 (34.1) | 5 (12.2) | ||
Unknown | 49 | 34 (69.4) | 15 (30.6) | 40 (81.6) | 8 (16.3) | 1 (2) |
Total | Gender | Age Group, Years | Occupation | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female | Male | <40 | 40–59 | 60+ | Farmer | Housewife | Service | Business | ||||||
n(%) | n (%) | n (%) | p | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | p | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | p | ||
Is PA good for health? | not at all | 4 (3) | 4 (5.7) | 0 (0) | 0.002 | 0 (0) | 3 (5.2) | 1 (1.5) | 0.61 | 0 (0) | 4 (6.5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.07 |
a little | 67 (49.6) | 41 (58.6) | 26 (40) | 4 (36.4) | 30 (51.7) | 33 (50) | 6 (35.3) | 37 (59.7) | 16 (42.1) | 4 (36.4) | ||||
a lot | 64 (47.4) | 25 (35.7) | 39 (60) | 7 (63.6) | 25 (43.1) | 32 (48.5) | 11 (64.7) | 21 (33.9) | 22 (57.9) | 7 (63.6) | ||||
Are you Interested in PA | No | 20 (14.8) | 9 (12.9) | 11 (16.9) | 0.63 | 0 (0) | 10 (17.2) | 10 (15.2) | 0.47 | 9 (52.9) | 8 (12.9) | 3 (7.9) | 0 (0) | <0.001 |
Yes | 115 (85.2) | 61 (87.1) | 54 (83.1) | 11 (100) | 48 (82.8) | 56 (84.8) | 8 (47.1) | 54 (87.1) | 35 (92.1) | 11 (100) | ||||
Consider organising exercise program | not at all | 14 (10.4) | 8 (11.4) | 6 (9.2) | 0.05 | 1 (9.1) | 7 (12.1) | 6 (9.1) | 0.80 | 0 (0) | 7 (11.3) | 5 (13.2) | 2 (18.2) | 0.14 |
a little | 90 (66.7) | 52 (74.3) | 38 (58.5) | 6 (54.5) | 38 (65.5) | 46 (69.7) | 13 (76.5) | 45 (72.6) | 23 (60.5) | 4 (36.4) | ||||
a lot | 31 (23) | 10 (14.3) | 21 (32.3) | 4 (36.4) | 13 (22.4) | 14 (21.2) | 4 (23.5) | 10 (16.1) | 10 (26.3) | 5 (45.5) | ||||
Attend if any program is organised | not at all | 3 (2.2) | 3 (4.3) | 0 (0) | 0.003 | 0 (0) | 2 (3.4) | 1 (1.5) | 0.02 | 0 (0) | 3 (4.8) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.45 |
A little | 98 (72.6) | 56 (80) | 42 (64.6) | 4 (36.4) | 46 (79.3) | 48 (72.7) | 12 (70.6) | 48 (77.4) | 26 (68.4) | 7 (63.6) | ||||
a lot | 34 (25.2) | 11 (15.7) | 23 (35.4) | 7 (63.6) | 10 (17.2) | 17 (25.8) | 5 (29.4) | 11 (17.7) | 12 (31.6) | 4 (36.4) | ||||
Do you feel unhappy if you don’t do exercise? | never | 42 (31.1) | 27 (38.6) | 15 (23.1) | 0.17 | 5 (45.5) | 19 (32.8) | 18 (27.3) | 0.25 | 7 (41.2) | 23 (37.1) | 8 (21.1) | 2 (18.2) | 0.43 |
sometime | 84 (62.2) | 38 (54.3) | 46 (70.8) | 4 (36.4) | 36 (62.1) | 44 (66.7) | 10 (58.8) | 34 (54.8) | 27 (71.1) | 8 (72.7) | ||||
Often | 9 (6.7) | 5 (7.1) | 4 (6.2) | 2 (18.2) | 3 (5.2) | 4 (6.1) | 0 (0) | 5 (8.1) | 3 (7.9) | 1 (9.1) |
Characteristics | No of Participants | Percentage of Endorse (95% CI) * | p | Percentage of Endorse (95% CI) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 135 | 46.6 (43.3, 49.9) | |||
Sex | <0.001 | ||||
Female | 70 | 40.6 (36.3, 44.9) | |||
Male | 65 | 53.1 (48.2, 57.9) | |||
Age, years | |||||
Below 40 | 11 | 57.7 (47.0, 68.5) | 0.06 | ||
40–49 | 20 | 46.7 (36.8, 56.5) | |||
50–59 | 38 | 41.2 (35.2, 47.1) | |||
60–69 | 49 | 45.7 (40.6, 50.9) | |||
70–75 | 17 | 54.0 (41.3, 66.7) | |||
Level of education | |||||
No education | 51 | 38.4 (33.8, 43) | <0.001 | 42.7 (36.2, 49.2) | 0.006 |
Primary to high school | 60 | 47.7 (42.8, 52.5) | 49.7 (44.7, 54.8) | ||
SSC or above | 23 | 59.6 (51.7, 67.6) | 58.6 (50.7, 66.5) | ||
SES | |||||
Poor | 36 | 39.6 (33, 46.1) | 0.01 | 44 (36.8, 51.2) | 0.04 |
Middle class | 99 | 49.2 (45.3, 53) | 51.4 (47, 55.9) | ||
Occupation | |||||
Farmer | 19 | 43.3 (34.8, 51.8) | 0.005 | 36.7 (24.8, 48.5) | 0.08 |
Homemakers | 62 | 41 (36.3, 45.7) | 53.1 (44.2, 61.9) | ||
Employees | 38 | 53.3 (46.8, 59.9) | 50.4 (42.3, 58.6) | ||
Businesspersons | 11 | 55.5 (43.7, 67.4) | 47.2 (34, 60.4) | ||
Diabetes status | |||||
No diabetes | 99 | 44.8 (41.1, 48.6) | 0.21 | ||
Diabetes | 21 | 52.1 (40.9, 63.3) | |||
Unknown | 15 | 50.7 (41.3, 60) |
Characteristics | No of Participants | Attitudes towards Positive | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) † |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 135 | 66 (48.8%) | ||
Sex | ||||
Female | 70 | 24 (34.3) | 1.00 (reference) | |
Male | 65 | 42 (64.6) | 3.50 (1.72, 7.11) | |
Age, years | ||||
Below 40 | 11 | 8 (72.7) | 1.00 | |
40–49 | 20 | 9 (45.0) | 0.31 (0.06, 1.51) | |
50–59 | 38 | 15 (39.5) | 0.25 (0.06, 1.07) | |
60–69 | 49 | 24 (49.0) | 0.36 (0.09, 1.52) | |
70–75 | 17 | 10 (58.8) | 0.54 (0.10, 2.77) | |
Level of education | ||||
No education | 51 | 13 (25.5) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Primary to high school | 60 | 33 (55.0) | 3.57 (1.59, 8.03) | 3.06 (1.27, 7.38) |
SSC or above | 23 | 19 (82.6) | 13.9 (3.98, 48.4) | 8.85 (2.33, 33.6) |
SES | ||||
Poor | 36 | 11 (30.6) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Middle class | 99 | 55 (55.6) | 2.84 (1.26, 6.40) | 2.53 (1.07, 6.0) |
Occupation | ||||
Farmer | 19 | 9 (47.4) | 1.00 (reference) | |
Housewife | 62 | 62 (35.5) | 0.61 (0.22, 1.73) | |
Service holder | 38 | 38 (63.2) | 1.91 (0.62, 5.81) | |
Business | 11 | 9 (81.8) | 5.00 (0.85, 29.6) | |
Diabetes status | ||||
No diabetes | 99 | 45 (45.5) | 1.00 (reference) | |
Diabetes | 21 | 13 (61.9) | 1.95 (0.73, 5.12) | |
Unknown | 15 | 8 (53.3) | 1.37 (0.46, 4.07) |
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Islam, F.M.A.; Hosen, M.A.; Islam, M.A.; Lambert, E.A.; Thompson, B.R.; Lambert, G.W.; Maddison, R. Knowledge of and Intention to Participate in Physical Activity Programs and Their Associated Sociodemographic Factors in People with High Blood Pressure in a Rural Area of Bangladesh: Initial Investigation from a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9561. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189561
Islam FMA, Hosen MA, Islam MA, Lambert EA, Thompson BR, Lambert GW, Maddison R. Knowledge of and Intention to Participate in Physical Activity Programs and Their Associated Sociodemographic Factors in People with High Blood Pressure in a Rural Area of Bangladesh: Initial Investigation from a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(18):9561. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189561
Chicago/Turabian StyleIslam, Fakir M. Amirul, Mohammad Arzan Hosen, Mohammad Ariful Islam, Elisabeth A. Lambert, Bruce R. Thompson, Gavin W. Lambert, and Ralph Maddison. 2021. "Knowledge of and Intention to Participate in Physical Activity Programs and Their Associated Sociodemographic Factors in People with High Blood Pressure in a Rural Area of Bangladesh: Initial Investigation from a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18: 9561. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189561