Circulation of Respiratory Viruses in Hospitalized Adults before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brescia, Italy: A Retrospective Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (a)
- To evaluate the prevalence of different respiratory viruses (FLU A and FLU B, RV, RSV, hMPV, AdV, PIV and human CoVs) during the COVID-19 pandemic period, in samples collected from hospitalized adults, compared to that observed in the three years before the pandemic period;
- (b)
- To correlate the possible impact of non-pharmaceutical measures, recommended in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, on the circulation of seasonal respiratory viruses.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Patients
2.2. Detection of Respiratory Viruses and SARS-CoV-2
- (a)
- Respiratory Viral ELITe MGB® Panel (ELITech Italy, Turin, Italy) for influenza viruses (A and B) and RSV detection;
- (b)
- FTD HAdV/HMPV/HBoV (Fast Track Diagnostics) for human metapneumovirus A and B and human adenovirus detection;
- (c)
- FTD HPIV for PIV (serotypes 1, 2, 3 and 4) detection;
- (d)
- FTD (Fast Track Diagnostics) for human endemic coronaviruses (HKU1, NL63, 229 and OC43) detection.
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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January 2017–February 2020 (Pre-Pandemic) | March 2020–May 2021 (During Pandemic) | p | January 2017–February 2020 (Pre-Pandemic) | March 2020–May 2021 (During Pandemic) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Samples tested (N°) | 10,121 | 2362 | ||||
Positive (N°) | 1475 | 63 | ||||
Frequency (%) | 14.6 | 2.7 | <0.0001 a | |||
Total population tested | Positive population | |||||
Demographic characteristics | ||||||
Male, n (%) | 5098 (50.3) | 1341 (55.5) | <0.0001 | 878 (59.5) | 41 (65) | 0.4 |
Mean Age | 65.1 | 63.5 | <0.0001 | 64.02 | 59.9 | 0.07 |
Age in years, n (%) | ||||||
18–44 | 1355 (13.2) | 261 (11) | 0.002 | 240 (16.2) | 9 (14.2) | 0.86 |
45–64 | 3012 (29.7) | 940 (39.7) | <0.0001 | 414 (28) | 27 (42.8) | 0.01 |
65–79 | 3561 (35.1) | 838 (35.4) | 0.79 | 524 (35.5) | 24 (38) | 0.68 |
≥80 | 2193 (21.6) | 323 (13.6) | <0.0001 | 297 (20) | 3 (4.7) | 0.001 |
January 2017–February 2020 (Pre-Pandemic) | March 2020–May 2021 (During Pandemic) | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Influenza A virus Test positivity number/total number tests (%) | 523/6881 (7.6) | 3/1628 (0.18) | <0.0001 a |
Influenza B virus Test positivity number/total number tests (%) | 210/6881 (3) | 1/1628 (0.06) | <0.0001 |
Respiratory syncytial virus Test positivity number/total number tests (%) | 238/3240 (7.3) | 10/734 (1.4) | <0.0001 |
Metapneumovirus Test positivity number/total number tests (%) | 38/3240 (1.1) | 2/734 (0.27) | 0.04 |
Adenovirus Test positivity number/total number tests (%) | 48/3240 (1.4) | 4/734 (0.6) | 0.08 |
Parainfluenza viruses Test positivity number/total number tests (%) | 131/3240 (4) | 1/734 (0.14) | <0.0001 |
Rhinovirus Test positivity number/total number tests (%) | 123/3240 (3.8) | 41/734 (5.6) | 0.02 |
Coronaviruses Test positivity number /total number tests (%) | 164/3240 (5) | 1/734 (0.14) | <0.0001 |
January 2017–February 2020 (Pre-Pandemic) | March 2020–May 2021 (During Pandemic) | |
---|---|---|
Virus detected | No. of patients | |
RhV and RSV | 1 | 0 |
PIV and RSV | 1 | 0 |
Coronavirus and RSV | 2 | 0 |
AdV and RSV | 1 | 0 |
Coronavirus and PIV | 1 | 0 |
FluA and RSV | 1 | 0 |
FluA and Coronavirus | 2 | 0 |
FluA, FluB and Coronavirus | 1 | 0 |
FluB and RSV | 1 | 0 |
FluA and PIV | 1 | 0 |
SARS-CoV-2 and RhV | 0 | 6 |
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De Francesco, M.A.; Pollara, C.; Gargiulo, F.; Giacomelli, M.; Caruso, A. Circulation of Respiratory Viruses in Hospitalized Adults before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brescia, Italy: A Retrospective Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9525. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189525
De Francesco MA, Pollara C, Gargiulo F, Giacomelli M, Caruso A. Circulation of Respiratory Viruses in Hospitalized Adults before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brescia, Italy: A Retrospective Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(18):9525. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189525
Chicago/Turabian StyleDe Francesco, Maria Antonia, Caterina Pollara, Franco Gargiulo, Mauro Giacomelli, and Arnaldo Caruso. 2021. "Circulation of Respiratory Viruses in Hospitalized Adults before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brescia, Italy: A Retrospective Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18: 9525. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189525