A System Dynamics Model for Urban Residential Building Stock towards Sustainability: The Case of Jinan, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Develop a system dynamics model for urban residential building stock;
- Simulate and identify the feature of urban residential building stock and relative flow in future;
- Predict the environmental and resource impacts related to the urban residential building stock in future;
- Based on the analysis results, some feasible long-term measures to reduce the environmental and resource problems are proposed and quantitatively evaluated in order to select the most appropriate and effective policy measures to help the decision-making for the urban government.
2. Research Methods
2.1. Causal Loop Diagram
- Demand of new residential building—(+) New construction area—(+) Residential building stock—(−) Demand of new residential building;
- Demand of new residential building—(+) New construction area—(+) Demolition residential building—(−) Residential building stock—(+) Demand of new residential building;
- Demand of new residential building—(+) New construction area—(+) Total amount of C&D waste—(+) C&D waste for landfill—(+) Environmental and resource impacts—(−) Demand of new residential building;
- Demand of new residential building—(+) New construction area—(+) Demolition residential building—(+) Total amount of C&D waste—(+) C&D waste for recycling—(−) Environmental and resource impacts—(+) Demand of new residential building;
- Demand of new residential building—(+) New construction area—(+) Residential building stock—(+) Total amount of C&D waste—(+) C&D waste for recycling—(−) Environmental and resource impacts—(+) Demand of new residential building;
- C&D waste for reusing and recycling—(−) C&D waste for landfill—(−) C&D waste for recycling;
- Demand of new residential building—(+) New construction area—(+) Demand of construction material—(+) Environmental and resource impacts—(−) Demand of new residential building.
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Stock and Flow Diagram
- Urban population
- 2.
- Per capita floor area
- 3.
- Building structures of new constructions of residential building stock
- 4.
- Urban residential building stock
- 5.
- New urban residential building construction
- 6.
- Demolished residential building area
- 7.
- Lifetime of the residential building
- 8.
- Environmental and resource impacts
2.4. SD Model Validation
3. Simulation Results
4. Scenario Analysis
4.1. Policy Scenario Set
- 1.
- Policy 1
- 2.
- Policy 2
- 3.
- Policy 3
- 4.
- Policy 4
4.2. Scenario Analysis Results
4.2.1. Environmental Impacts
4.2.2. Resource Impacts
4.2.3. GHG Emission
4.3. Sensitivity Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Description | Unit | Initial Value | Date Source |
---|---|---|---|---|
Urban population | the total number of urban people | Million | 181 | Jinan statistic yearbook (1984) |
PCFA | per capita residential building floor area | m2 | 4.06 | Jinan statistic yearbook (1984) |
BC ratio | the ratio of new construction area with BC structure | % | 74.79 | Tabulation on the 2000 population census of Jinan city (2002) |
SC ration | the ratio of new construction area with SC structure | % | 20.21 | Tabulation on the 2000 population census of Jinan city (2002) |
S ratio | the ratio of new construction area with S structure | % | 5 | Tabulation on the 2000 population census of Jinan city (2002) |
BC Stock | the residential building stock with BC structure | Million m2 | 436.7 | Jinan statistic yearbook (1984) |
SC stock | the residential building stock with SC structure | Million m2 | 126.46 | Jinan statistic yearbook (1984) |
BW stock | the residential building stock with BW structure | Million m2 | 62.57 | Jinan statistic yearbook (1984) |
Total residential stock | the total residential building stock | Million m2 | 625.73 | Jinan statistic yearbook (1984) |
Refurbishment rate | the rate of refurbishment residential building per year | % | 80 | Survey data of China Architecture Design & Research Group (2014) |
Recycling rate of steel scrap | the rate of steel scrap by recycling per year | % | 0 | Survey data from Construction and Demolition sites |
Recycling rate of brick and concrete waste | the rate of brick and concrete waste by recycling per year | % | 0 | Survey data from Construction and Demolition sites |
Recycling rate of glass waste | the rate of glass waste by recycling per year | % | 0 | Survey data from Construction and Demolition sites |
Combustible rate | the rate of combustible C&D waste disposal by incineration | % | 0 | Survey data from Construction and Demolition sites |
Design Lifetime/Year | Actual Lifetime/Year | |
---|---|---|
BW | 40 | 30 |
BC | 50 | 30 |
SC | 70 | 40 |
S | 80 | 50 |
Coefficients | Unit | Value | Source | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Environmental pollution | Leachate | m3/t | 0.15 | Wang et al., 2007 |
Land space occupation | m2/104 t | 0.06 | Yuan et al., 2006 | |
GHG emission | C&D waste disposal by landfill | t CO2eq /t | 0.73316 | Fang, 2016 |
C&D waste for incineration | t CO2eq/t | 0.002 | Fang, 2016 | |
Steel production | t CO2eq/t | 1.96 | Ecoinvent | |
Cement production | t CO2eq/t | 0.892 | ||
Wood production | t CO2eq/t | 0.024 | ||
Brick and Tile production | t CO2eq/t | 0.0521 | ||
Sand production | t CO2eq/t | 0.0119 | ||
Stone production | t CO2eq/t | 0.0663 | ||
Glass production | t CO2eq/t | 0.731 | ||
Linoleum production | t CO2eq/t | 1.06 | ||
Pitch production | t CO2eq/t | 0.459 |
Year | Urban Population/million | Urban Residential Building Stock/million m2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Actual Data | Simulation Data | Actual Data | Simulation Data | |
1978 | 1.94 | 1.77 | 7.87 | 6.35 |
1979 | 1.88 | 1.84 | 7.94 | 7.31 |
1980 | 1.9 | 1.92 | 8 | 8.05 |
1981 | 1.92 | 2 | 8.45 | 8.74 |
1982 | 1.98 | 2.07 | 9.03 | 9.43 |
1983 | 2.03 | 2.15 | 10.03 | 10.13 |
1984 | 2.08 | 2.23 | 10.58 | 10.86 |
1985 | 2.11 | 2.3 | 11.01 | 13.06 |
1986 | 2.15 | 2.38 | 15.92 | 16 |
1987 | 2.19 | 2.45 | 16 | 17.4 |
1988 | 2.23 | 2.52 | 16.74 | 18.32 |
1989 | 2.27 | 2.59 | 17.02 | 19.08 |
1990 | 2.56 | 2.66 | 19.34 | 19.79 |
1991 | 2.85 | 2.73 | 21.65 | 20.49 |
1992 | 2.87 | 2.8 | 21.98 | 21.17 |
1993 | 2.9 | 2.86 | 22.61 | 21.85 |
1994 | 2.93 | 2.92 | 23.14 | 22.51 |
1995 | 2.97 | 2.98 | 23.75 | 23.17 |
1996 | 3.01 | 3.04 | 24.08 | 24.26 |
1997 | 3.05 | 3.09 | 24.7 | 26.04 |
1998 | 3.08 | 3.15 | 30.5 | 28.05 |
1999 | 3.12 | 3.2 | 31.15 | 30.16 |
2000 | 3.15 | 3.25 | 33.09 | 32.33 |
2001 | 3.2 | 3.29 | 34.22 | 40.93 |
2002 | 3.25 | 3.34 | 57.95 | 53.16 |
2003 | 3.31 | 3.38 | 62.43 | 59.23 |
2004 | 3.38 | 3.42 | 65.96 | 63.18 |
2005 | 3.45 | 3.46 | 67.41 | 66.37 |
2006 | 3.5 | 3.49 | 70.37 | 69.3 |
2007 | 3.53 | 3.53 | 74.03 | 72.11 |
2008 | 3.51 | 3.56 | 75.57 | 81.38 |
2009 | 3.49 | 3.59 | 102.68 | 96.78 |
2010 | 3.48 | 3.62 | 103.39 | 108.94 |
2011 | 3.49 | 3.64 | 105.67 | 119.79 |
2012 | 3.51 | 3.67 | 119.28 | 130.08 |
2013 | 3.54 | 3.69 | 133.29 | 140.13 |
2014 | 3.58 | 3.72 | 148.11 | 150.06 |
2015 | 3.63 | 3.74 | 163.25 | 158.12 |
Error | 2.76% | Error | 1.44% |
Policy Measures Implication | Description | |
---|---|---|
Single policy | Policy 1: compact PCFA policy | The PCFA will be restricted 45 m2 from 2016 to 2100. |
Policy 2: new technology policy | 65% of the new residential building will be building with steel structure by 2050. | |
Policy 3: long lifetime policy | The lifetime of BC and SC and S building will be extended to 40 years, 50 years, and 60 years, respectively, from 2016 to 2100. | |
Policy 4: high recycle rate policy | 90% of steel scraps, 70% of the cement and brick waste and 80% of the glass waste from C&D waste will be recycled respectively by 2050. 90% of the combustible C&D waste will be incinerated by 2050. | |
Complex policy | Policy 1+2 | Policy 1+Policy 2 |
Policy 1+3 | Policy 1+Policy 3 | |
Policy 1+4 | Policy 1+Policy 4 | |
Policy 2+3 | Policy 2+Policy 3 | |
Policy 2+4 | Policy 2+Policy 4 | |
Policy 3+4 | Policy 3+Policy 4 | |
Policy 1+2+3 | Policy 1+Policy 2+Policy 3 | |
Policy 1+2+4 | Policy 1+Policy 2+Policy 4 | |
Policy 1+3+4 | Policy 1+Policy 3+Policy 4 | |
Policy 2+3+4 | Policy 2+Policy 3+Policy 4 | |
Policy 1+2+3+4 | Policy 1+Policy 2+Policy 3+Policy 4 |
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Share and Cite
Yang, D.; Dang, M.; Sun, L.; Han, F.; Shi, F.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, H. A System Dynamics Model for Urban Residential Building Stock towards Sustainability: The Case of Jinan, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9520. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189520
Yang D, Dang M, Sun L, Han F, Shi F, Zhang H, Zhang H. A System Dynamics Model for Urban Residential Building Stock towards Sustainability: The Case of Jinan, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(18):9520. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189520
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Dong, Mengyuan Dang, Lingwen Sun, Feng Han, Feng Shi, Hongbo Zhang, and Hongjun Zhang. 2021. "A System Dynamics Model for Urban Residential Building Stock towards Sustainability: The Case of Jinan, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18: 9520. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189520