Torus Mandibularis in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Size
2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
2.3. Patient Groups
2.4. Hemodialysis Prescription
2.5. Clinical Oral Examinations
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | All Patients (n = 322) | Patients with Torus Mandibularis (n = 25) | Patients without Torus Mandibularis (n = 297) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (Year) | 61.1 ± 11.8 | 54.4 ± 10.4 | 61.6 ± 11.8 | 0.003 * |
Sex (Female), n (%) | 143 (44.4) | 12 (48.0) | 131 (44.1) | 0.707 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 164 (50.9) | 14 (56.0) | 150 (50.5) | 0.598 |
Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 114 (35.4) | 9 (36.0) | 105 (35.4) | 0.948 |
Dialysis duration (month) | 107.1 ± 82.4 | 107.8 ± 104.1 | 107.1 ± 80.5 | 0.969 |
Alcohol consumption, n (%) | 11 (3.4) | 0 (0) | 11 (3.7) | 0.328 |
Betel nut chewing, n (%) | 12 (3.7) | 1 (4.0) | 11 (3.7) | 0.940 |
Cigarette habit, n (%) | 28 (8.6) | 1 (4.0) | 27 (9.1) | 0.386 |
Bruxism habit, n (%) | 33 (10.2) | 5 (2.0) | 28 (9.4) | 0.094 |
Variable | All Patients (n = 322) | Patients with Torus Mandibularis (n = 25) | Patients without Torus Mandibularis (n = 297) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Biochemistry and electrolyte | ||||
Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 117.0 ± 53.0 | 101.6 ± 41.5 | 118.2 ± 53.7 | 0.132 |
Sodium, mEq/L | 137.8 ± 2.8 | 137.9 ± 2.5 | 137.8 ± 2.8 | 0.911 |
Potassium, mEq/L | 4.7 ± 0.7 | 4.9 ± 0.6 | 4.7 ± 0.7 | 0.132 |
Chloride, mEq/L | 99.1 ± 2.9 | 98.8 ± 3.2 | 99.1 ± 2.9 | 0.645 |
Calcium, mg/dL | 9.7 ± 0.9 | 9.6 ± 0.7 | 9.7 ± 1.0 | 0.956 |
Phosphorus, mg/dL | 5.0 ± 1.2 | 5.6 ± 1.3 | 5.0 ± 1.1 | 0.010 * |
Uric acid, mg/dL | 6.7 ± 1.3 | 6.9 ± 1.0 | 6.7 ± 1.3 | 0.604 |
Bicarbonate, mmol/L | 21.7 ± 2.4 | 21.6 ± 2.2 | 21.7 ± 2.4 | 0.872 |
Renal function test | ||||
Blood urea nitrogen, mg/dL | 67.4 ± 17.7 | 71.1 ± 19.9 | 67.1 ± 17.5 | 0.274 |
Creatinine, mg/dL | 10.3 ± 2.1 | 11.0 ± 2.1 | 10.3 ± 2.1 | 0.078 |
Estimated glomerular filtration rate, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 4.8 ± 1.1 | 4.4 ± 0.7 | 4.8 ± 1.1 | 0.149 |
Liver function test | ||||
Aspartate aminotransferase, U/L | 22.1 ± 8.9 | 22.7 ± 10.7 | 22.0 ± 8.7 | 0.723 |
Alanine aminotransferase, U/L | 17.5 ± 12.9 | 18.8 ± 12.3 | 17.3 ± 13.0 | 0.576 |
Gamma-glutamyl transferase, U/L | 32.2 ± 42.9 | 39.8 ± 71.0 | 31.5 ± 39.8 | 0.358 |
Alkaline phosphatase, U/L | 75.0 ± 41.3 | 70.8 ± 22.1 | 75.3 ± 42.5 | 0.599 |
Lipid profile | ||||
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 160.6 ± 33.2 | 159.6 ± 30.8 | 160.6 ± 33.4 | 0.886 |
High-density lipoprotein, mg/dL | 43.2 ± 14.2 | 46.3 ± 15.4 | 42.9 ± 14.1 | 0.249 |
Low-density lipoprotein, mg/dL | 106.2 ± 72.6 | 98.7 ± 68. | 106.8 ± 73.0 | 0.591 |
Triglyceride, mg/dL | 146.5 ± 117.0 | 148.6 ± 128.4 | 146.4 ± 116.3 | 0.927 |
Hemogram | ||||
White blood cell count, 103/uL | 6.4 ± 1.9 | 6.2 ± 2.3 | 6.4 ± 1.9 | 0.618 |
Red blood cell count, 106/uL | 3.6 ± 0.5 | 3.6 ± 0.5 | 3.6 ± 0.6 | 0.730 |
Hemoglobin, g/dL | 10.4 ± 1.2 | 10.4 ± 1.1 | 10.4 ± 1.2 | 0.950 |
Hematocrit, % | 32.0 ± 3.6 | 32.1 ± 3.2 | 32.0 ± 3.6 | 0.889 |
Mean corpuscular volume, fL | 89.0 ± 7.5 | 89.9 ± 6.2 | 89.0 ± 7.6 | 0.531 |
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin, pg/Cell | 29.0 ± 2.8 | 29.2 ± 2.6 | 28.9 ± 2.9 | 0.592 |
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, gHb/dL | 32.5 ± 1.0 | 32.5 ± 1.0 | 32.5 ± 1.0 | 0.843 |
Red blood cell distribution width, % | 14.5 ± 1.4 | 14.1 ± 1.2 | 14.6 ± 1.4 | 0.097 |
Platelet count, 103/uL | 184.3 ± 63.7 | 185.7 ± 69.2 | 184.2 ± 63.3 | 0.908 |
Ferrokinetics | ||||
Iron, ug/dL | 70.2 ± 53.6 | 62.0 ± 28.2 | 70.9 ± 55.2 | 0.426 |
Total iron binding capacity, ug/dL | 256.9 ± 49.8 | 275.4 ± 51.7 | 255.4 ± 49.4 | 0.054 |
Ferritin, ng/mL | 297.7 ± 300.4 | 254.7 ± 293.8 | 301.6 ± 301.2 | 0.455 |
Parathyroid hormone | ||||
Intact parathyroid hormone, pg/mL | 325.7 ± 311.4 | 297.3 ± 232.0 | 328.1 ± 317.3 | 0.636 |
Nutrition marker | ||||
Albumin, g/dL | 4.0 ± 0.3 | 3.9 ± 0.3 | 4.0 ± 0.3 | 0.656 |
Inflammatory marker | ||||
High sensitivity C-reactive protein, mg/L | 6.9 ± 11.1 | 8.1 ± 10.3 | 6.8 ± 11.1 | 0.582 |
Variable | All Patients (n = 322) | Patients with Torus Mandibularis (n = 25) | Patients without Torus Mandibularis (n = 297) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Kt/V | 1.8 ± 0.4 | 1.8 ± 0.3 | 1.8 ± 0.4 | 0.480 |
Urea reduction ratio | 0.8± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.498 |
Time-averaged concentration of urea, mg/dL | 39.6 ± 9.8 | 40.2 ± 10.5 | 39.5 ± 9.7 | 0.521 |
Normalized protein catabolic rate, g/kg/day | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 0.701 |
Variable | n (%) |
---|---|
Shape | |
Flat | 0 (0) |
Spindle | 0 (0) |
Nodular | 24 (96.0) |
Lobular | 1 (4.0) |
Location | |
Incisor | 0 (0) |
Premolar | 23 (92.0) |
Molar | 2 (8.0) |
Symmetry | |
Symmetric | 21 (84.0) |
Left | 3 (12.0) |
Right | 1 (4.0) |
Size | |
>2 cm | 1 (4.0) |
<2 cm | 24 (96.0) |
Category | All Patients (n = 322) | Patients with Torus Mandibularis (n = 25) | Patients without Torus Mandibularis (n = 297) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
No first molar n (%) | 177 (55.0) | 13 (52) | 164 (55.2) | 0.442 |
Class I n (%) | 86 (26.7) | 9 (36) | 77 (25.9) | |
Class II n (%) | 38 (11.8) | 3 (12) | 35 (11.8) | |
Class III n (%) | 21 (6.5) | 0 (0) | 21 (7.1) |
Score | All Patients (n = 322) | Patients with Torus Mandibularis (n = 25) | Patients without Torus Mandibularis (n = 297) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
No teeth n (%) | 13 (4.0) | 0 (0) | 13 (4.4) | 0.348 |
1 n (%) | 8 (2.5) | 0 (0) | 8 (2.7) | |
2 n (%) | 44 (13.7) | 2 (8) | 42 (14.1) | |
3 n (%) | 160 (49.7) | 14 (56) | 146 (49.2) | |
4 n (%) | 79 (24.5) | 9 (36) | 70 (23.6) | |
5 n (%) | 18 (5.6) | 0 (0) | 18 (6.0) |
Variable | Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | Standard error | Wald test | Odds ratio | p value | β | Standard error | Wald test | Odds ratio | p value | |
Age (per 1 year increase) | −0.05 | 0.017 | 8.46 | 0.951 | 0.004 ** | −0.047 | 0.018 | 6.881 | 0.954 | 0.009 ** |
Blood phosphate level (per 1 mg/dL increase) | 0.46 | 0.181 | 6.426 | 1.584 | 0.011 * | 0.401 | 0.184 | 4.767 | 1.494 | 0.029 * |
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Chang, P.-C.; Tai, S.-Y.; Hsu, C.-L.; Tsai, A.I.; Fu, J.-F.; Wang, I.-K.; Weng, C.-H.; Yen, T.-H. Torus Mandibularis in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9451. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189451
Chang P-C, Tai S-Y, Hsu C-L, Tsai AI, Fu J-F, Wang I-K, Weng C-H, Yen T-H. Torus Mandibularis in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(18):9451. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189451
Chicago/Turabian StyleChang, Pei-Ching, Shao-Yu Tai, Chia-Lin Hsu, Aileen I. Tsai, Jen-Fen Fu, I-Kuan Wang, Cheng-Hao Weng, and Tzung-Hai Yen. 2021. "Torus Mandibularis in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18: 9451. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189451