Changes in Depressive Symptoms, Stress and Social Support in Mexican Women during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Psychosocial Stress: Negative Life Events
2.3. Depression Symptoms
2.4. Social Support Network
2.5. Covariates
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Pre-Pandemic Mean (SD) or N (%) | Pandemic Mean (SD) or N (%) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Participant’s age (years) | 39.22 (5.54) | ||
SES | |||
Lower | 174 (37.3) | ||
Medium | 229 (49.1) | ||
Higher | 63 (13.5) | ||
NLE score | 3.22 (2.07) | 2.92 (1.86) | 0.004 |
Social support score | 17.45 (2.57) | 17.20 (2.36) | 0.012 |
EDS score | 7.48 (5.80) | 7.34 (5.83) | 0.630 |
Depression (EDS score > 12) | 92 (19.5) | 90 (19.1) | 1.000 |
Proportion of at least one NLE per CRYSIS domain | |||
Authority | 43 (9.2) | 21 (4.5) | 0.005 |
Career | 75 (16.1) | 66 (14.2) | 0.444 |
Financial | 223 (47.9) | 244 (52.4) | 0.150 |
Home | 170 (36.5) | 105 (22.5) | 0.000 |
Safety in the home | 174 (37.3) | 107 (23.0) | 0.000 |
Legal | 25 (5.4) | 11 (2.4) | 0.022 |
Medical issues pertaining to self | 84 (18.0) | 77 (16.5) | 0.556 |
Medical issues pertaining to others | 157 (33.7) | 148 (31.8) | 0.550 |
Neighborhood safety | 273 (58.6) | 272 (58.4) | 1.000 |
Relationships | 212 (45.5) | 241 (51.7) | 0.060 |
Prejudice | 61 (13.1) | 68 (14.6) | 0.520 |
Individual CRISYS Domain | Change in EDS Score β (95% CI) |
---|---|
Authority | 1.14 (−1.26, 3.53) |
Career | 0.79 (−0.65, 2.24) |
Financial | 1.84 (0.85, 2.83) † |
Home | 1.44 (0.26, 2.62) * |
Safety in the home | 1.14 (−0.06, 2.34) |
Legal | −0.53 (−3.80, 2.75) |
Medical issues pertaining to self | 1.23 (−0.13, 2.60) |
Medical issues pertaining to others | −0.05 (−1.31, 0.79) |
Neighborhood safety | 0.54 (−0.48, 1.56) |
Personal Relationships | 1.84 (0.87, 2.81) † |
Prejudice | 1.18 (−0.25, 2.61) |
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Share and Cite
Rivera Rivera, N.Y.; McGuinn, L.; Osorio-Valencia, E.; Martinez-Medina, S.; Schnaas, L.; Wright, R.J.; Téllez-Rojo, M.M.; Wright, R.O.; Tamayo-Ortiz, M.; Rosa, M.J. Changes in Depressive Symptoms, Stress and Social Support in Mexican Women during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 8775. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168775
Rivera Rivera NY, McGuinn L, Osorio-Valencia E, Martinez-Medina S, Schnaas L, Wright RJ, Téllez-Rojo MM, Wright RO, Tamayo-Ortiz M, Rosa MJ. Changes in Depressive Symptoms, Stress and Social Support in Mexican Women during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(16):8775. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168775
Chicago/Turabian StyleRivera Rivera, Nadya Y., Laura McGuinn, Erika Osorio-Valencia, Sandra Martinez-Medina, Lourdes Schnaas, Rosalind J. Wright, Martha Maria Téllez-Rojo, Robert O. Wright, Marcela Tamayo-Ortiz, and Maria José Rosa. 2021. "Changes in Depressive Symptoms, Stress and Social Support in Mexican Women during the COVID-19 Pandemic" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16: 8775. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168775