Influence of Pharmaceutical Copayment on Emergency Hospital Admissions: A 1978–2018 Time Series Analysis in Spain
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Setting, Study Population, Study Design and Participants
2.2. Ethical Aspects
2.3. Variables and Measurements, and Statistical Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Summary
4.2. Strengths and Limitations
4.3. Comparison with the Existing Literature
4.4. Implications to Public Health and Research
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Category | Contribution (%) |
---|---|
Exempt from payment: Unemployed individuals not receiving unemployment benefits Recipients of noncontributory pensions Recipients of social integration income Treatments resulting from work-related accidents and occupational diseases Individuals affected by toxic oil syndrome and people with disabilities | 0 |
Pensioners (income in €): | |
<18,000 | 10 (up to 8.23 €/month) |
18,000–99,999 | 10 (up to 18.52 €/month) |
≥100,000 | 60 (up to 61.75 €/month) |
Assets (income in €): | |
<18,000 | 40 |
18,000–99,999 | 50 |
≥100,000 | 60 |
Parameter | Men | Women | Both | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Cardiovascular | Respiratory | Total | Cardiovascular | Respiratory | Total | Cardiovascular | Respiratory | |
Stationary R-squared | 0.930 | 0.969 | 0.919 | 0.928 | 0.970 | 0.919 | 0.933 | 0.974 | 0.922 |
Ljung-Box Q (p-value) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Variable | Men | Women | Both | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Cardiovascular | Respiratory | Total | Cardiovascular | Respiratory | Total | Cardiovascular | Respiratory | ||||||||||
B ± SE | p | B ± SE | p | B ± SE | p | B ± SE | p | B ± SE | p | B ± SE | p | B ± SE | p | B ± SE | p | B ± SE | p | |
Constant | −1138 ± 193 | <0.001 | −417 ± 52 | <0.001 | −373 ± 100 | <0.001 | −995 ± 251 | <0.001 | −378 ± 49 | <0.001 | −293 ± 98 | 0.003 | −1115 ± 209 | <0.001 | −379 ± 52 | <0.001 | −350 ± 98 | <0.001 |
AR: | ||||||||||||||||||
Lag 1 | 0.35 ± 0.04 | <0.001 | 0.40 ± 0.04 | <0.001 | 0.80 ± 0.05 | <0.001 | 0.43 ± 0.04 | <0.001 | 0.37 ± 0.05 | <0.001 | 0.77 ± 0.05 | <0.001 | 0.38 ± 0.04 | <0.001 | 0.38 ± 0.04 | <0.001 | 0.81 ± 0.04 | <0.001 |
Lag 2 | 0.25 ± 0.04 | <0.001 | 0.32 ± 0.04 | <0.001 | −0.15 ± 0.04 | <0.001 | 0.20 ± 0.04 | <0.001 | 0.30 ± 0.04 | <0.001 | −0.18 ± 0.04 | <0.001 | 0.21 ± 0.04 | <0.001 | 0.33 ± 0.04 | <0.001 | −0.19 ± 0.04 | <0.001 |
AR (seasonal): | ||||||||||||||||||
Lag 1 | 0.72 ± 0.03 | <0.001 | 0.72 ± 0.03 | <0.001 | 0.80 ± 0.03 | <0.001 | 0.74 ± 0.03 | <0.001 | 0.75 ± 0.03 | <0.001 | 0.85 ± 0.03 | <0.001 | 0.74 ± 0.03 | <0.001 | 0.77 ± 0.3 | <0.001 | 0.83 ± 0.03 | <0.001 |
Copayment | −6.4 ± 11.1 | 0.565 | −2.0 ± 2.6 | 0.448 | −0.5 ± 4.8 | 0.925 | −6.2 ± 11.5 | 0.589 | 0.5 ± 2.0 | 0.792 | 1.8 ± 3.7 | 0.624 | −7.2 ± 10.7 | 0.503 | −0.3 ± 2.1 | 0.900 | 0.7 ± 4.1 | 0.857 |
Life expectancy | 20.6 ± 2.6 | <0.001 | 6.3 ± 0.7 | <0.001 | 5.7 ± 1.3 | <0.001 | 18.1 ± 3.1 | <0.001 | 5.2 ± 0.6 | <0.001 | 4.1 ± 1.2 | <0.001 | 19.9 ± 2.7 | <0.001 | 5.5 ± 0.7 | <0.001 | 5.1 ± 1.2 | <0.001 |
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Palazón-Bru, A.; Calvo-Pérez, M.; Rico-Ferreira, P.; Freire-Ballesta, M.A.; Gil-Guillén, V.F.; Carbonell-Torregrosa, M.d.l.Á. Influence of Pharmaceutical Copayment on Emergency Hospital Admissions: A 1978–2018 Time Series Analysis in Spain. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 8009. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158009
Palazón-Bru A, Calvo-Pérez M, Rico-Ferreira P, Freire-Ballesta MA, Gil-Guillén VF, Carbonell-Torregrosa MdlÁ. Influence of Pharmaceutical Copayment on Emergency Hospital Admissions: A 1978–2018 Time Series Analysis in Spain. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(15):8009. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158009
Chicago/Turabian StylePalazón-Bru, Antonio, Miriam Calvo-Pérez, Pilar Rico-Ferreira, María Anunciación Freire-Ballesta, Vicente Francisco Gil-Guillén, and María de los Ángeles Carbonell-Torregrosa. 2021. "Influence of Pharmaceutical Copayment on Emergency Hospital Admissions: A 1978–2018 Time Series Analysis in Spain" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 15: 8009. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158009