Psychoeducation Improved Illness Perception and Expressed Emotion of Family Caregivers of Patients with Schizophrenia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethics Statement
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Data Collection Instruments
2.4. Family Members’ FMSS Assessments
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Patient Characteristics
3.2. Family Members’ Characteristics
3.3. IPQS-R
3.4. Family Members’ FMSS Expressed Emotion Ratings
3.5. Medication Adherence Scale
3.6. Overall Relationship between Illness Perception, Expressed Emotion, and Medication Adherence
4. Discussion
4.1. Family Members/Caregivers’ Illness Perception
4.2. Expressed Emotion
4.3. Medication Adherence
4.4. Psychoeducation in Indonesia
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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IPQS-R Subscales | Control | Intervention | Significance of Effect b | Effect Size (Control; Intervention) c | Mean Inter-Item Correlation | Cronbach Alpha | KMO | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | Post | Pre | Post | ||||||
Identity a | 9.04 (1.93) | 9 (1.71) | 8.97 (1.86) | 7.1 (2.5) | F(1,62) = 5.85 * | d = 0.02; 0.85 | - | - | - |
Cause Items | 2.91 (0.28) | 3 (0.24) | 2.99 (0.31) | 1.5 (0.16) | F(1,62) = 696.18 *** | d = 0.35; 6.04 | 0.25 | 0.88 | 0.76 |
Timeline Acute | 2.67 (0.88) | 2.7 (0.9) | 3.75 (1.09) | 2.87 (1.08) | F(1,62) = 9.8 *** | d = 0.03; 0.81 | 0.45 | 0.93 | 0.64 |
Timeline Cyclical | 4.11 (0.73) | 4.13 (0.68) | 4.24 (0.58) | 4.07 (0.62) | F(1,62) = 4.65 * | d = 0.03; 0.28 | 0.7 | 0.83 | 0.56 |
Consequence—Patient | 3.88 (0.5) | 3.98 (0.48) | 3.9 (0.48) | 3.74 (0.43) | F(1,62) = 7.07 ** | d = 0.2; 0.35 | 0.23 | 0.57 | 0.66 |
Consequence—Relatives | 3.58 (0.32) | 3.56 (0.3) | 3.51 (0.39) | 1.76 (0.2) | F(1,62) = 216.17 *** | d = 0.06; 5.65 | 0.33 | 0.91 | 0.73 |
Personal Control—Patient | 1.7 (0.43) | 1.72 (0.47) | 1.9 (0.43) | 3.28 (0.56) | F(1,62) = 76.45 *** | d = 0.04; 2.76 | 0.38 | 0.9 | 0.55 |
Personal Control—Relatives | 1.77 (0.52) | 1.53 (0.42) | 1.75 (0.55) | 2.56 (0.85) | F(1,62) = 25.86 *** | d = 0.51; 1.13 | 0.36 | 0.82 | 0.6 |
Personal Blame—Patient | 3.88 (0.6) | 3.79 (0.69) | 3.94 (0.89) | 2.37 (0.54) | F(1,62) = 25.4 *** | d = 0.14; 2.13 | 0.31 | 0.86 | 0.64 |
Personal Blame—Relatives | 2.02 (0.35) | 2.1 (0.35) | 2.02 (0.3) | 3.03 (0.45) | F(1,62) = 72.17 *** | d = 0.23; 2.64 | 0.36 | 0.82 | 0.62 |
Treatment Control | 2.43 (0.43) | 2.61 (0.34) | 2.53 (0.45) | 3.53 (0.68) | F(1,62) = 20.46 *** | d = 0.46; 1.73 | 0.25 | 0.85 | 0.54 |
Illness Coherence | 3.82 (0.46) | 3.81 (0.53) | 2.69 (0.31) | 3.84 (0.45) | F(1,62) = 51.1 *** | d = 0.02; 2.98 | 0.39 | 0.91 | 0.72 |
Emotional Representation | 3.64 (0.28) | 3.69 (0.29) | 3.71 (0.29) | 1.86 (0.15) | F(1,62) = 411.96 *** | d = 0.18; 8.01 | 0.37 | 0.96 | 0.59 |
Family Members’ FMSS Expressed Emotion | Control | Intervention | Odds Ratio | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | Post | Pre | Post | ||
Criticism | 14 | 15 | 20 | 7 | 0.32 (CI: 0.11–1.01) |
Emotional overinvolvement | 19 | 17 | 12 | 5 | 0.46 (CI: 0.14–1.6) |
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Budiono, W.; Kantono, K.; Kristianto, F.C.; Avanti, C.; Herawati, F. Psychoeducation Improved Illness Perception and Expressed Emotion of Family Caregivers of Patients with Schizophrenia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 7522. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147522
Budiono W, Kantono K, Kristianto FC, Avanti C, Herawati F. Psychoeducation Improved Illness Perception and Expressed Emotion of Family Caregivers of Patients with Schizophrenia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(14):7522. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147522
Chicago/Turabian StyleBudiono, Watari, Kevin Kantono, Franciscus Cahyo Kristianto, Christina Avanti, and Fauna Herawati. 2021. "Psychoeducation Improved Illness Perception and Expressed Emotion of Family Caregivers of Patients with Schizophrenia" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14: 7522. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147522